NTRODUCTIONTO FACTS CONTROLLERS Theory, Modeling, and Applications

Transcription

1 NTRODUCTIONTO FACTS CONTROLLERS Theory, Modeling, and Applications Kalyan K. Sen Mey Ling Sen ON POWER ENGINEERING 4NEEE IEEE Press WILEY A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

2 CONTENTS Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Nomenclature xiii xv xvii xix 1. Applications of FACTS Controllers 1-2. Power Flow Control Concepts Theory Series-Connected Compensating Voltage Power at the Sending End Power at the Receiving End Power at the Modified Sending End Exchanged Power by the Series-Connected 35 Compensating Voltage Shunt-Connected Compensating Voltage Power at the Modified Sending End Power at the Receiving End Comparison between Series-Connected and Shunt-Connected 46 Compensating Voltages 2.2 Implementation of Power Flow Control Concepts Voltage Regulation Direct Method Indirect Method Phase Angle Regulation Series Reactance Regulation Direct Method Indirect Method 56 VII

3 VIII CONTENTS Independent Control of Active and Reactive Power Flows Unified Power Flow Controller Sen Transformer Interline Power Flow Concept Back-To-Back SSSC Multiline Sen Transformer Back-to-Back STATCOM Generalized Power Flow Controller Modeling Principles The Modeling in EMTP Network Model Vector Phase-Locked Loop (VPLL) Transmission Line Steady-State Resistance Calculator Simulation of an Independent PFC in a Single Line Application Transformer-Based FACTS Controllers Voltage Regulating Transformer (VRT) Autotransformer Two-Winding Transformer Phase Angle Regulator (PAR) Mechanically Switched FACTS Controllers Shunt Compensation Mechanically Switched Capacitor (MSC) Mechanically Switched Reactor (MSR) Series Compensation Mechanically Switched Reactor (MSR) Mechanically Switched Capacitor (MSC) with a Reactor Voltage-Sourced Converter (VSC) Modeling an Ideal VSC DC-to-ACVSC Generation of a Square Wave Voltage with a 119 Two-Level Pole Modeling a Single-Phase VSC and Simulation 122 Results Six-Pulse VSC with Two-Level Modeling a Six-Pulse VSC with 134 Two-Level PulseHN-VSC with Two-Level Graphical Presentation of the Cancellation 146 Technique of the Fifth and the Seventh Harmonic Components

4 CONTENTS Modeling a 12-Pulse HN-VSC with Two-Level Pulse HN-VSC with Two-Level Modeling a 24-Pulse HN-VSC with Two-Level Pulse QHN-VSC with Two-Level Modeling a 24-Pulse QHN-VSC with Two-Level Pulse QHN-VSC with Two-Level Modeling of a 48-Pulse QHN-VSC with 180 Two-level Generation of a Quasisquare Wave Voltage with a 182 Three-Level Pole Six-Pulse VSC with Three-Level Pulse HN-VSC with Three-Level Modeling a 12-Pulse HN-VSC with Three-Level Pulse QHN-VSC with Three-Level Modeling a 24-Pulse QHN-VSC with 199 Three-Level Alternate Configuration for a QHN-VSC Interphase Transformer (IPT) Pulse QHN-VSC with IPTs Modeling a 24-Pulse QHN-VSC with Two-Level 205 and IPTs Realizable Pole Circuits Considerations for a HN-VSC DC-to-AC VSC Operated with PWM Technique Discussion Two-Level Pole Design A Three-Phase, Six-Pulse VSC with Two-Level Analysis of a Pole Device Characteristics Mathematical Model Analysis of the Model Mode 1 of Operation Mode 2 of Operation Results VSC-Based FACTS Controllers Shunt Compensation Shunt Reactive Current Injection 251

5 X CONTENTS Shunt-Connected Compensating Voltage Source Behind 252 an Impedance Shunt-Connected Compensating Voltage Behind a 254 Coupling Transformer Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) Control of STATCOM Modeling of STATCOM in EMTP and 258 Simulation Results 8.2 Series Compensation Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) Control of SSSC Modeling of SSSC in EMTP and Simulation Results Stable Reversal of Power Flow Reactance Control Method Voltage Control Method Shunt-Series Compensation Using a Unified Power Flow 290 Controller (UPFC) Control of UPFC Modeling of UPFC in EMTP and Simulation Results Test Results Protection of UPFC Sen Transformer Existing Solutions Voltage Regulation Phase Angle Regulation Desired Solution ST as a New Voltage Regulator ST as an Independent PFC Control of ST Impedance Emulation Resistance Emulation Reactance Emulation Closed Loop Power Flow Control Open Loop Power Flow Control Simulation Results Limited Angle Operation of ST ST Using LTCs with Lower Current Rating ST Using LTCs with Lower Voltage and Current Ratings Comparison Among the VRT, PAR, UPFC, and ST Power Flow Enhancement Speed of Operation Losses Switch Rating Magnetic Circuit Design 348

6 CONTENTS XI Optimization of Transformer Rating Harmonic Injection into the Power System Network Operation During Line Faults Multiline Sen Transformer Basic Differences between the MST and BTB-SSSC Flexible Operation of the ST ST with Shunt-Connected Compensating Voltages Limited Angle Operation of the ST with Shunt-Connected 362 Compensating Voltages 9.8 MST with Shunt-Connected Compensating Voltages Generalized Sen Transformer Summary 372 APPENDIX A. Miscellaneous 373 A.I. Three-Phase Balanced Voltage, Current, and Power 373 ATI. Symmetrical Components 377 A.III. Separation of Positive, Negative, and Zero Sequence Components in 383 a Multiple Frequency Composite Variable A.IV. Three-Phase Unbalanced Voltage, Current, and Power 387 A.V. d-q Transformation 392 A. V. 1. Conversion of a Variable Containing Positive, 396 Negative, and Zero Sequence Components into d-q Frame A.V.2. Calculation of Instantaneous Power into d-q Frame 399 A.V.3. Calculation of Instantaneous Power into d-q Frame for a phase, 3-wire System A. VI. Fourier Analysis 405 A.VII. Adams-Bashforth Numerical Integration Formula 410 APPENDIX B. Power Flow Control Equations in a Lossy 413 Transmission Line B.I. Power Flow Equations at the Sending End of an Uncompensated 415 Transmission Line B.II. Power Flow Equations at the Receiving End of an Uncompensated 418 Transmission Line B.III. Verification of Power Flow Equations at the Sending and Receiving 421 Ends of an Uncompensated Transmission Line B.IV. Natural Power Flow Equations in an Uncompensated Transmission 422 Line B.V. Most Important Power Flow Control Parameters 427 B.V. 1. Modifying Transmission Line Voltage with a Shunt- 431 Connected Compensating Voltage B.V.2. Modifying Transmission Line Voltage with a Series- 431 Connected Compensating Voltage B.VI. Power Flow at the Sending End 435

7 XII CONTENTS B.VII. Power Flow at the Receiving End 438 B.VIII. Power Flow at the Modified Sending End 441 B.IX. Exchanged Power by the Compensating Voltage 445 APPENDIX С. ЕМТР Files Bibliog I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Index raphy Books General STATCOM SSSC UPFC IPFC About the Authors