Index. Battery vanadium redox, 7 Betz-factor, 331 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT), 58, 68

Transcription

1 Index Acoustic noise, 4 Active Power Filter (APF), 23, 31, 124 Adjustable Speed Drive (ASD), 38, 118, 158, 173 Advisory Committee on Electromagnetic Compatibility (ACEC), 132 Anti-islanding, 204, 209, 211 Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR), 3 Battery vanadium redox, 7 Betz-factor, 331 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT), 58, 68 Clark transformation, 27, 231 inverse, 30 Combined Heat and Power (CHP), 31, 204 Common Mode (CM), 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142,143, 144, 149, 150, 151, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, , 166, 170, 171 choke, 151, 154, 156, 161, 162, 164, 167, 171 noise, 126, 136, 139, 140, 151 transformer, 161, 162 Compensation series, 3, 216 shunt, 215 Compensator series, 125, 237, 143, 158 shunt, 236, 237, 257, 258 Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLD), 61 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES), 272, 278, 281, 282 Computer Business Manufacturers Association (CBEMA), 116 Congestion, 207, 208, 224, 225 Continuous Voltage Regulators (CVR), 259, 261 Converter, 55, 56, 58, 61, 62, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 85, 88, 97 direct, 62, 63, 64 indirect, 62 multi-level, 77, 81, 88 cascaded H-bridge, 79, 81, 82 diode-clamped, 79, 80, 81 flying-capacitor, 80, 81 Z-source, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, three level, 93 Council of European Energy Regulators (CEER), 107 Cumulative Probability Function (CPF), 121 Current distortion, 19, 20, 41, 116

2 410 Index harmonics, 19, 20, 217, 219, 236, 237 instantaneous, 28, 30 load, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 29, 30, 41 source, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 30 component active, 22, 26, 30 reactive, 22, 26, 30 Custom Power System (CUPS), 4, 10, 44 Cycliconverter, 57, 70, 100 DC component, 15 generation, 32 injection, 211 Deterministic approach, 32 Differential Mode (DM), 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 144, 149 Digital Signal Processors (DSP), 60, 85 Dispatch, 213, 224, 225 Distributed Energy Resources (DER), 226 Distributed Generation (DG), 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 31, 32, 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213, 214, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226 classifications, 206 profits, 7 Distribution, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 32, 33, 34, 38, 40, 42, 44, 203, 205, 206, 207, 209, 215, 222, 223, 224, 225, 229, 234, 243, 250 system, 1, 2, 4, 5, 41, 43, 204, 207, 209, 214, 221, 223, 236, 239, 240, 243, 246, 247, 251, 252 Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), 43, 44, 124, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259 Electric Discharge Machining (EDM), 160, 161, 162 Electrical Power System (EPS), 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 112, 203 Electricity pricing, 7 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC), 107, 108, 109, 125, 126, 132, 134, 135, 139, 140, 147, 158, 162 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), 70, 72, 77, 88, 89, 126, 134, 135, 136, 139, 140 noises, 126, 132, 137, 140 receiver, 130, 131, 132 spectra, 126, 135 End-user, 1, 4, 6, 8 Energy Storage System (ESS), 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 241, 242, 253, 254 Fixed Capacitor and Thyristor Controlled Reactor (FC-TCR), 220 Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS), 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 32, 35, 42, 43, 124, 229, 261 Flicker meter, 114 severity, 114 Flurescent lamps, 4 lighting, 40, 42, 118, 195, 198, 199 Flywheels, 43, 272, 282, 284, 285, 286, 300 beacon, 7 Fourier, 13, 22, 27, 127, 131, 236, 359 Fuel Cell, 375, 392, 393, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 402, 403, 404, 405 alkaline (AFC), 394 anode reaction, 392 cathode reaction,392 cell types, 377, 378, 393, 394, 397 Direct Methanol (DMFC), 394, 405 economics, 403

3 Index 411 efficiency, 395, 397, 401, 403 energy conversion, 392, 396 grid-connected applications, 397 grid interfacing, 402 Molten Carbonide (MCFC), 394, 403, 405 Phosphoric Acid (PAFC), 394, 405 plant design, 400 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEMFC), 393, 394, 405 Solid Oxide (SOFC), 393, 394, 401, 405 types, 393 Gate Balance Transformer (GTC), 69 Gate-commutated Thyristors (GCT), 58, 68, 69 Gate Turn Off (GTO), 58, 68, 69, 70, 79, 229, 344 Generation centralized, 32 private, 43 Generator types, 339, 343 Direct Coupled Induction Machine (IM), 339 Double-fed Induction Machine (DFIM), 340, 341, 342, 360, 361 induction machine with full-size converter, 339 SG with electrical excitation and full-size converter, 343 SG with permanent magnet excitation and full-size converter, 343 virtual synchronous point, 342 Grid integration, 327, 336, 339 Grounding, 212, 223, 224 Harmonics cancelation, 44 controlling, 43 emission, 114 order, 19, 45, 46 sideband, 128, 132 superposition effects, 362 Heat Exchanger (HE), 75 High Frequency AC (HFAC) link, 185, 195 High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC), 5, 32, 39, 40, 42, 57, 367, 368, 369 Hydro turbines, 2 Information Technology Industry Council (ITIC), 116 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT), 58, 68, 69, 79, 81, 82, , 147, 190, 191, 229, 344, 381, 403 Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristor (IGCT), 58,68, 69, 70, 79, 229, 344 Intelligent Power Module (IPM), 58, 73 Interconnection, 205, 207, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213, 214 Interharmonics, 4, 118, 119, 120, 121, 133, 358, 359, 360, 372 Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC), 36 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 107, 132, 133, 134, 135 Islanding, 204, 208, 209, 212, 224 LC compensator, 23, 25 Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI), 36 Linear Optimal Control (LOC), 38 Losses, 5, 6, 7, 9 minimalization, 6 reactive, 5 Metal-oxide Semiconductor Fieldeffect Transistor (MOSFET),58, 68, 70, 126, 381, 403 Micro Grid (MGR), 209, 210, 226 Moment of inertia, 34 Motor, 4, 37, 38, 40, 111, 114, 117, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 190, 192, 193, 195, 197, 306, 307, 315, 319, 320, 325, overheating, 2

4 412 Index starting, 40, 114 Offshore wind energy, 367 transmission types, 368 wind park design, 367 Photovoltaics (PV) cell types, 377, 378 economics, 391 energy conversion, 376 equivalent circuit, 378, 380, 382, European efficiency, 382 future development, 391 grid interfacing, 383 inverter types, 381, 382, 383 islanding detection, 383 modeling, 378, 379, 380 operation behavior, 378 photovoltaic cell, 377 plant design, 382 power quality, 381, 386, 387, 388 Power active flow, 5, 6, 215, 216, 269, 364 instantaneous, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 28, 29, 30, 231, 232, 233, 234 apparent, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 31, 233, 337, 338, 339, 346, 347 Buchholz s, 18 complex, 15 distortion, 19, 20, 21, 30 flow control, 4, 5, 6 injection, 214, 216, 220, 223 reactive flow, 5, 208, 215, 269, 364 instantaneous, 27, 28, 231, 232, 234 management, 345, 350, 352 station, 1 theory Budeanu's, 13, 19, 20, 21, 23 Czarnecki, 25, 26 Fryze s, 13, 22, 23, 25 instantaneous, 27, 28, 29, 231, 247 Kusters and Moore, 24, 25 Shepherd and Zakikhani, 23, 24 Power Electronics Building Blocks (PEBB), 61, 68 Power Factor Correction Capacitors (PFCC), 42 Power Quality (PQ), 7, 31, 33, 37, 38, 38, 40, 42, 108, 109, 110, 117, 118, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 195, 205, 208, 212, 222, 224, 229, 343, 350, 352, 355, 357, 395, 367, 369, 381, 386, 387, 388, 398, 399, monitoring, 120, 121 parameters, 120 Power System Stabilizer (PSS), 3, 35, 36 Pulse Density Modulation (PDM), 177, 178, 192, 193, 194, 195 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), 44, 64, 71, 72, 77, 82, 85, 91, 92, 95, 127,128, 131, 132, 153, 160, 163, 164, 167, 171, 177, 178, 192, 194, 195, 222, 229, 230, 231, 243, 244, 259, 261, 262, 263, 306, 309, 316, 358, 360, 361, 369, 382, 387, 388, 390 space vector, 82, 85 Quality of delivery, 121, 124 Reactor line, 125, 140, 141, 142, 147, 151, 161 Rectifier phase-controlled, 70 Renewable Energy Sources (RES), 31, 32, 33, 269 Series Resonant Rectifiers (SRR), 189 Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR), 58 Smart Electrical Energy Networks (SEEN), 8, 9, 229 Solid State Transfer Switch (SSTS), 43

5 Index 413 Standards basic,134, 135 generic, 132, 134 product, 124, 134 Static Current Breaker (SCB), 61 Static Current Limiter (SCL), 61 Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), 36, 43, 47, 124, 220, 221, 222, 229 Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), 36, 43, 243, 244 Static Tap Changers Series Boosters (STCSB), 260, 261 Static Var Compensator (SVC), 36, 43, 124, 217 fixed, 219 dynamic, 217 Storage electrical, 272 electrochemical, 272, 287, 290 mechanical, 272 thermal, 272 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES), 7, 43, 295, 296, 297, 300 Synchronization, 204, 211, 212, Tap changer, 3, 6, 33, 43, 112, 125 Television receiver, 4 Thermal limits, 2, 3, 5 Thyristor Controlled Phase-shifter (TCPS), 36 Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR), 217, 218, 219, 220 Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC), 217, 218, 219, 220 Thyristor Switched Capacitor and Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TSC-TCR), 220 Tip speed ratio, 331, 332 Transformer coupling, 204, 211, 221 ferro-resonant, 43, 44 Transmission, 2, 3, 6, 22, 33, 35, 37, 39, 43, 107, 110, 115, 137, 205, 207, 208, 214, 215, 216, 222, 225, 243, 345, 348, 356, 368, 369 costs, 3, 9 system, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 31, 45, 36, 40, 42, 43, 124, 203, 243, 331, 358, 364, 368, 369, 370 limitations, 2 losses, 2 reliability, 4, 8 stability dynamic, 3, 6, 7, 8 transient, 3, 6, 7, 33 Triode for Alternating Current (TRIAC), 58 Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFC), 36, 43, 44, 220, 222 Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC), 124, 197, 257, 258, 259 model, 257 Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS), 4, 43, 110, 118, 124, 135, 241, 242, 243, 250, 258, 282, 299, 306 Universal Active Power Line Conditioner (UPLC), 196, 197 Ultracapacitor, 9, 297, 298, 299 Virtual Power Architecture, 225 Voltage dips, 4, 37, 40, 111, 114, 115, 116, 119, 121, 133, 237, 265 magnitude, 2 profile, 9, 31 regulation, 37, 44 sag, 4, 7, 37, 39, 40, 43, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 258, 260, 261 space vector, 82 stability, 9, 33 supply, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 25, 30, 37, 111, 113, 120, 121, 242, 243, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 258, 259, 260 Wind Energy Converters (WECs) active-stall-control, 335, 336

6 414 Index common grid coupling, 343 economics, 471 energy conversion, 327, 330, 333, 337, 369, 370 flicker, 339, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 359, 367 characteristic, 335 reduction, 337 future requirements, 369 harmonic characteristic, 361 operation modes, 333, 334, 338, 339 pitch-control, 335, 336, 337, 338, 352, 367 power adjustment, 351 fluctuations, 352, 353, 357, 358 rotor power, 332, 339, 340, 342 torque, 332, 333 speed control, 336, 337, 340, 344, 355, 358, 367 stall-control, 334, 335, 336 Wind Park, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 352, 356, 357, 358, 361, 362, 364, 368, 369, 371 design, 344, 367 energy management, 344 grid connection, 344 power balance, 348 reactive power management, 345 Zero Current Switching (ZCS), 70, 72 Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS), 71, 72, 73, 189