Electrical Power Systems

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1 Electrical Power Systems Analysis, Security and Deregulation P. Venkatesh B.V. Manikandan S. Charles Raja A. Srinivasan

2 Electrical Power Systems

3 Electrical Power Systems Analysis, Security and Deregulation P. Venkatesh Associate Professor Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai B.V. Manikandan Professor Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi S. Charles Raja Assistant Professor Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai A. Srinivasan Former Assistant Professor Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering K.L.N. College of Engineering, Pottapalayam New Delhi

4 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS: Analysis, Security and Deregulation P. Venkatesh, B.V. Manikandan, S. Charles Raja, and A. Srinivasan 2012 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus, New Delhi and Printed by Rajkamal Electric Press, Plot No. 2, Phase IV, HSIDC, Kundli , Sonepat, Haryana.

5 Contents Preface... xi Part I POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 1. Introduction to Power System Introduction Structure of Power Systems Modelling of Power System Components Single Line Diagram or One Line Diagram Impedance Diagram Reactance Diagram Per Unit Value Network Modelling Bus Frame of Analysis Primitive Network Network Graph Theory Incidence Matrices Formation of Bus Admittance Matrix [Y bus ] Direct Inspection Method MATLAB Program for [Y bus ] Formation Using the Direct Inspection Method Formation of [Y bus ] Using Power World Simulator Formation of [Y bus ] Using PSS/E Singular Transformation Method Solution Technique Sparse Matrix Techniques for Large-Scale Power Systems Optimally Ordered Triangular Factorization Triangular Decomposition Gaussian Elimination 53 v

6 vi Contents Triangular Decomposition of Table of Factors Bi-factorization Method Sparsity and Optimal Ordering Scheme 68 Review Questions Load Flow Analysis Introduction Bus Classification Load Flow Equation Load Flow Methods Gauss Seidel Method Gauss Seidel Method When PV Buses are Absent Gauss Seidel Method When PV Buses are Present Newton Raphson Load Flow Method Introduction Load Flow Solution Using Newton Raphson Method Advantages and Disadvantages of Newton Raphson Method Fast Decoupled Load Flow Method Comparison of the Gauss Seidel, Newton Raphson and Fast Decoupled Methods of Load Flow Study 125 Review Questions Symmetrical Fault Analysis Introduction Types of Faults Transient (Short-circuit) on Power System Components Transient (Short-circuit) on a Transmission Line Transient (Short-circuit) on a Synchronous Machine Symmetrical Short-circuit Current Calculation Through Thevenin s Theorem Procedure for Symmetrical Short-circuit Current Calculation Through Thevenin s Theorem Short-circuit Capacity (SCC) or Short-circuit MVA or Fault Level Calculations Selection of Circuit Breaker Fault Calculation Using Bus Impedance Matrix Algorithm for Formation of the Bus Impedance Matrix 158 Review Questions Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis Introduction Symmetrical Components 172

7 Contents vii Sequence Operator a Types of Symmetrical Components Determination of Unbalanced Vectors from Their Symmetrical Components Determination of Symmetrical Components of Unbalanced Vectors Power in Symmetrical Components Sequence Impedance Sequence Network of Power System Components Sequence Network of Unloaded Generator Sequence Network of Loaded Generator Sequence Network of Transmission Line Sequence Network of Transformer Sequence Network of Star Connected Load Grounded Through Impedance Unsymmetrical Faults Single Line to Ground Fault (L G Fault) Line to Line Fault (L L Fault) Double Line to Ground Fault (L L G Fault) 207 Review Questions Power System Stability Introduction Classification of Power System Stability Transient Stability Introduction Assumptions of Transient Stability Analysis Power Angle Equation of a Two Machine System Power Angle Equation of a Salient Pole Machine Swing Equation Swing Curves Constants Used in Stability Analysis Determination of Change in Rotor Angle When the Machine is Loaded Equal Area Criterion Assumptions Made in Equal Area Criterion Equal Area Criterion Method Applied to a Machine Swinging with Respect to an Infinite Bus Sudden Change in Mechanical Input Estimating Transient Stability Limit Sudden Three Phase Fault at One End of the Transmission Line Sudden Three Phase Fault at Middle of a Transmission Line 246

8 viii Contents 5.8 Solution of Swing Equation Step by Step Method-I Step by Step Method-II Euler s Method Modified Euler s Method Runge Kutta (R K) Method Multimachine Transient Stability Mathematical Model of Multimachine Transient Stability Analysis Factors Influencing Transient Stability Techniques for Transient Stability Improvement 297 Review Questions 298 Part II POWER SYSTEM SECURITY 6. Operations in Power System Security Introduction Factors Affecting Power System Security Contingency Analysis Overview of Security Analysis Linear Sensitivity Factors MATLAB Program AC Power Flow Security Analysis MATLAB Program for AC Power Flow Security Analysis AC Power Flow Security Analysis with Contingency Case Selection Concentric Relaxation Bounding Area Method Contingency Analysis Using Power World Simulator and PSS/E S/W Contingency Analysis Using PWS Contingency Analysis Using PSS/E 337 Review Questions State Estimation Introduction Methods of Least Squares Simple DC Circuit Example with Suitable Derivation Maximum Likelihood Weighted Least-Squares Estimation Matrix Formulation State Estimation by Orthogonal Decomposition Orthogonal Decomposition Algorithm Detection and Identification of Bad Measurements Network Observability and Pseudo-measurements 369 Review Questions 372

9 Contents ix 8. Optimal Power Flow Introduction OPF Formulation Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch (ORPD) Economic Emission Dispatch (EED) Security Constrained OPF (SCOPF) OPF Solution Technique Lagrange Multiplier Method Linear Programming OPF (LPOPF) Interior Point Method Unit Commitment Objective Function Constraints in Unit Commitment Unit Commitment Solution Methods Priority List Method Dynamic Programming Method 403 Review Questions 406 Part III DEREGULATION 9. Power System Restructuring: An Overview Introduction Motivation for Restructuring of Power System Electricity Market Entities and Model Benefits of Deregulation Basic Terminologies Deregulation International Scenario Milestones of Deregulation in the World Indian Power Sector Past and Present Status Growth of Power Sector in India An Overview A Time Line of the Indian Power Sector Players in the Indian Power Sector Research and Professional Bodies 431 Review Questions Operations in Power Market Introduction Power Pools Single Auction Power Pool Example Double Auction Power Pool Example Transmission Networks and Electricity Markets Operations in Power Market Using Power World Simulator 451 Review Questions 457

10 x Contents 11. Available Transfer Capability Introduction Definitions Principles of ATC Determination Methods of Static ATC Determination ATC Determination Using Multiple Load Flow and Continuation Power Flow Optimization Based Method ATC Determination Using Linear Sensitivity Factors ATC Determination Considering the Effect of Contingency Analysis ATC Calculation Using MATLAB Algorithm for Static ATC Determination ATC Determination Using Power World Simulator (PWS) 482 Review Questions Transmission Open Access and Pricing Introduction Transmission Open Access Types of Transmission Services in Open Access Cost Components of Transmission System Operating Cost Loss of Opportunity Cost Reinforcement Cost Existing Cost Transmission Pricing Methods Postage Stamp Method Contract Path Method MW-Mile Method Marginal Participation (MP) Method PSS/E Interface with Python Incremental Cost Based Transmission Pricing Short-Run Incremental Cost (SRIC) Pricing Long-Run Incremental Cost (LRIC) Pricing Short-Run Marginal Cost (SRMC) Pricing Long-Run Marginal Cost (LRMC) Pricing 507 Review Questions 507 Bibliography Index

11 Electrical Power Systems : Analysis,Security And Deregulation 30% OFF Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : Author : VENKATESH, P., MANIKANDAN, B. V., RAJA, S. CHARLES, SRINIVASAN, A. Type the URL : Get this ebook

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