Control strategies and electronics for PEM fuel cells
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1 Control strategies and electronics for PEM fuel cells Stefan Keller, Ulf Groos Group»Fuel Cell Systems«Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE Hannover Trade Fair 2010 April, 21st, 2010
2 Agenda Fuel Cell Fraunhofer ISE Current controlled DC-DC-converter Control strategies for fuel cells Outcomes
3 We are dedicated to fuel cells since the early 1990s
4 We comprise a lot of competences begin of activities on hydrogen and fuel cells Ca. 2 Mio. budget (2009) 7 engineers, 3 doctoral scientists, 4 doctoral students, ca. 15 students To our equipment belong: 50 channel impedance spectroscopy ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy) ESEM with EDX (Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy) Climate chamber Several fuel cell test stands for micro and portable PEM fuel cells (NTand HT-PEMFC) up to 5 kw el power
5 PEM fuel cells are our profession. Planar, air breathing micro fuel cells (PEMFC, DMFC, DEFC) from 100 mw el to 10 W el Portable fuel cells (NT- & HT-PEMFC) for operation with hydrogen and reformate from 10 W el to 1 kw el System technology for membrane fuel cells from 100 mw el to 5 kw el
6 We develop control strategies including control and power electronics. Current-controlled DC-DC converter for optimized fuel cell operation
7 All processes within a fuel cell are current driven. proton transport in the membrane heat production water generation e- e- electrical load fuel consumption air consumption fuel air diffusive processes heat Anode cathode water Polymer electrolyte membrane Membrane electrode assembly (MEA)
8 Current production dominates the complex physicochemical system. current production i=fkt 1 (F e - F p,c i,t,λ) potential F i =fkt 2 (i,s(λ),t) concentration c i =fkt 3 (i,s,t, ) water content λ =fkt 4 (i,s,t,rh) saturation s =fkt 5 (i,t,rh,λ, ) temperature T=fkt 6 (fkt 5 (i,rh,λ, )
9 Current-controlled converters are best for fuel cells. fuel cell operation at constant load level precise stoichiometrical operation and better water balance specific start up and shut down procedures diagnostics by current interruption or dedicated current steps possible Stable operation High system efficiency High durability of the fuel cell
10 Converter design especially for fuel cell systems demand
11 Converter design with great flexibility for buck boost configuration hybrid systems with battery for peak power demand Buck boost configuration with up to four parallel current paths offer great flexibility in system design Microcontroller based operation computes switch activity with a reference model of the converter system
12 Use of both switches during one period Minimized inductor ripple current in buck and boost mode Controls fuel cell current even when battery and fuel cell are at the same voltage Switches continuously from buck to boost operation Combined pulse width modulation of both switches
13 U fc = U bat Current flow from fuel cell to inductor battery off
14 U fc = U bat Current flow from fuel cell through inductor to battery
15 U fc = U bat Inductor discharges into battery fuel cell off
16 U fc = U bat Current flow from fuel cell through inductor to battery
17 U fc = U bat Use of both switches during one period
18 U fc < U bat Current flow from fuel cell to inductor battery off
19 U fc < U bat Current flow from fuel cell through inductor to battery
20 U fc < U bat Inductor discharges into battery fuel cell off
21 U fc < U bat Current flow from fuel cell through inductor to battery
22 U fc < U bat Use of both switches during one period
23 U fc > U bat Current flow from fuel cell to inductor battery off
24 U fc > U bat Current flow from fuel cell through inductor to battery
25 U fc > U bat Inductor discharges into battery fuel cell off
26 U fc > U bat Current flow from fuel cell through inductor to battery
27 U fc > U bat Use of both switches during one period
28 Startup of a fuel cell and battery hybrid system with current-controlled converter - averaged inductor current - switched inductor current - averaged fuel cell current - switched fuel cell current - fuel cell voltage - battery voltage
29 The Fraunhofer ISE current controlled converter will enhance life-time, efficiency and reliability of your fuel cell system.
30 and what can we do for you?
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