RESEARCH PROJECT VERBUNDNETZSTABIL

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1 RESEARCH PROJECT VERBUNDNETZSTABIL Grid control for inverter dominated power systems Soenke Rogalla Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE IRED Side Event Workshop Vienna,

2 AGENDA The Project VerbundnetzStabil Motivation and Fundamentals Definitions First Findings and Results Inverter Control und First Test Results Currently Open Research Questions 2

3 The Project VerbundnetzStabil Key Facts Project goals: Stability of interconnected systems with a high share of power electronics based generation Development, simulation, analysis, implementation and testing of new approaches for the control of grid connected converters Partners Fraunhofer ISE Kaco new energy TransnetBW University Stuttgart IFK Duration 8/2017 7/2020 Funding: Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) 3

4 The Project VerbundnetzStabil Scope Requirements for a stable inverter-dominated interconnected system Review of today s and future the stability aspects Specification of future inverter requirements Inverter control development Development of new control strategies Implementation on an inverter platform Modelling, simulation and validation Components modelling System Simulation Validation by Microgrid testing 4 Utilization of results Publications Contribution to standardization work

5 Motivation Share of Renewables / Share of Synchronous Generators Electricity production in Germany in week Net installed conventional generation capacity in Germany Wind & PV: ~90% of load Today: Always still a high share of spinning generators grid connected! Future: Times with (very) low share of spinning generators expected! 5 Source: ( )

6 Fundamentals Power-Frequency-Behavior of the UTCE Grid Power-Frequency-Behavior (T A = 12s, P GridLoad = 300 GW, ΔP = 3 GW) intrinsic Inertia Self-regulating effect Primary control Secondary control controlled 6

7 Categorization of Control Strategies for Grid-Connected Inverters Stromeinprägend (Current-Controlled Inverter) Spannungseinprägend (Voltage-Controlled Inverter) Netzspeisend Netzstützend Netzbildend Netzerhaltend (Grid-Feeding) (Grid-Supporting) (Grid-Forming) (Grid-Sustaining) Application: Basic grid-feeding Application: Grid-feeding with advanced functions (ancillary services) Application: Single generator in small island grids Application: parallel operation in interconnected systems or Microgrids 7

8 Categories of Inverter Control Principle of Operation Behavior Control Source Impedance Output Frequency Scope of Application PQ - Controller Grid- Feeding Ideal Current Source Grid- Supporting Ideal Current Source PQ Controller + System Services (LVRT, Q(U), ) Grid- Forming Ideal Voltage Source const. Frequency/ Voltage (isochronous) Grid- Sustaining Real Voltage Source Droop-Control (Static Control) Z = Z = Z = 0 finite, 0 Synchronous to the Grid Freq. Synchronous to the Grid Freq. Fixed Frequency On-Grid On-Grid Off-Grid Defined by Droop On-Grid and Off-Grid Inertia No No Infinite finite, 0 8

9 First Findings Analysis of Today s and Future Stability Aspects Affected by higher power gradients / higher RoCoF Affected by increased power transits Affected by loss of inertia Focus of the project: Instantaneous behavior / transient stability Definitions for grid stability should be extended for inverter-based grids! 9 Figure: Kundur, P., et.al., Definition and Classification of Power System Stability, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol 19, No. 2, S (May 2004)

10 First Findings Behavior of current-controlled inverters after disturbances Inverter feed-in after a phase angle jump of 30 PLL-parametrizations: fast and slow PLL Research question Influence of the Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL) on inverter infeed behavior after grid voltage phase angle jumps? Phase angle needed by the inverter control an estimated by a PLL Simulative investigations Inverter feed-in behavior strongly influenced by the PLL parametrization Additional reactive power infeed after phase angle jumps Synthetic scenario Severe disturbances in the transmission grid cause large phase angle jumps PLL parametrization significantly influences power system stability 10 Current-controlled inverters can significantly influence voltage and frequency stability of the power system Source: University of Stuttgart - Institute of Combustion and Power Plant Technology - Department Power Generation and Automatic Control - Christian Schöll

11 Inverter Control Grid-Sustaining Control with Droop Approach Synchronization and inertia emulation by P- and Q-droops Virtual impedance supports stable on-grid operation Supply of harmonic currents by high dynamic voltage controller Over-load handling by alternating current limiter Source: R. Singer, M. Bader, C. Siedle, Results for a MV-Hybrid-Microgrid Test Campaign in the MW-Range, 3rd INTERNATIONAL HYBRID POWER SYSTEMS WORKSHOP, Tenerife, May

12 Microgrid Testing of Grid-Sustaining Inverters Laboratory Setup Inverter1 (1000 kva) Grid-Supporting or Grid-Sustaining Inverter 2 (725 kva) Grid-Supporting or Grid-Sustaining Diesel Genset (275 kv) cosphi / P Control or Voltage control Load Bank (2280 kva) Ohmic 1820 kw Inductive 1370 kvar 12

13 Measurement Results Single Inverter: On-Grid Behavior Set point Change Active Power Set point Change Reactive Power Set point: 100 kw 700 kw Set point: 100 kvar ind. 100 kvar cap. Active, Reactive, Apparent Power Active, Reactive, Apparent Power Voltage Current Voltage Current 100 ms 110 ms Source: R. Singer, M. Bader, C. Siedle, Results for a MV-Hybrid-Microgrid Test Campaign in the MW-Range, 3rd INTERNATIONAL HYBRID POWER SYSTEMS WORKSHOP, Tenerife, May

14 Measurement Results Falling into Island - MV Mains Voltage Loss of Mains 200 kw 0 kw 220 kw 500 kw Island Voltage Mains Current 14

15 Measurement Results Falling to Island - LV Voltage Current Voltage Current Loss of Mains Voltage Current Voltage Current 15

16 Current Research Questions Which kind of current-limitation is suitable in over-load situations? 16

17 Current Research Questions Further open questions How to define the inertia from inverters? Required power vs. required energy? One system level / on plant level? Which kind of inverters should deliver future inertial? Wind-/PV-generators? Battery storage? Contribution of small decentralized units? What s the difference for normal operation and alert operation? Transition from transient to stationary behavior? Desired transient (instantaneous) behavior: Voltage source with emulated inertia Desired stationary behavior: Power source 17

18 Thank you for your attention Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE Sönke Rogalla

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