PRESENTATION ON MEASUREMENT OF INLAND TRANSPORT CO 2 EMISSION AND MITIGATION POLICIES

Transcription

1 PRESENTATION ON MEASUREMENT OF INLAND TRANSPORT CO 2 EMISSION AND MITIGATION POLICIES PRESENTED BY: DORJI WANGDI, EXECUTIVE ENGINEER, DEPARTMENT OF ROADS, BHUTAN.

2 Bhutan Map

3 1.0 Background Bhutan is a small country with a population of 695,822 covering an area of 38,394 km 2. Landlocked country located in the eastern Himalayas between China to the north and India to the south. The landscape is mountainous and rugged consist of main river valleys and steep mountains with altitude ranging from about 2000 to 4000 m. Great Himalayas in the north along the Tibetan border encompass snow capped peaks and alpine meadows above 4000 m and extremely challenging for development. The landscape is dominated by high forest (70.46%) along with steep slopes with very little land available for agriculture (2.93%).

4 Contd. Climate is highly influenced by Monsoon with 70% of precipitation falling during summer (June September). Combination of geography, climate and high forest cover has resulted in extremely high biodiversity and home to many species that are globally endangered. Bhutan has 677 glaciers and 2674 glacial lakes. Hydropower is the major source of government s revenue and contributes 19% of GDP mainly through exports to India. Agriculture is a significant contributor to GDP in Bhutan accounting for more than 18.5% of GDP in 2008 and with 69% of the population dependent on this sector.

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6 2.0 Ambient Air Quality in Bhutan Air quality in Bhutan has long been regarded as pristine. The recent rapid development is placing pressure on air quality in the major urban cities like Thimphu and Phuentsholing and at several industrial estates with relatively heavy industries.

7 3.0 Emission The primary source of air pollution in Bhutan are: Exhaust emissions from diesel and petrol vehicles Particulate matter from brake and tire wear and suspended road dust Industry emission Smoke from wood stove, cooking and space heating Wind blown dust from building construction sites, bare agricultural soil and road construction areas Smoke from forest fires and agricultural burning Smoke from open fires at construction sites and outdoor recreation Smoke from roadside wood fired heating of bitumen in open pans for road paving including on city streets

8 Emission

9 4.0 Transport The significant increase of vehicle fleet consequent upon rapid economic growth. More than 17% of registered vehicles have been increased from 1997 to The recent statistics on vehicle population show that 58% of the total vehicle fleet is in Thimphu which is a capital city of Bhutan. The emission from the growing population of the vehicle is also increasing and the trend is likely to continue in the future. In 1999, the first comprehensive survey on air pollution in Thimphu City was conducted by the Thimphu National Environment Commission (NEC).

10 Contd. The report indicated vehicle emission was not a major problem at that time but had become a main concern as the number of vehicles is rapidly increasing. During , the emission level of more than 1060 vehicles was inspected for establishing the vehicle emission standard for Bhutan. It was observed that 66% of petrol vehicles and 96% of diesel vehicles did not meet the emission standard. The NEC reported that the increase of air pollution is due to the vehicle emission caused by poor quality of fuel, inefficient fuel combustion and increased traffic movement in Thimphu City.

11 Contd. The study recommended the Government to initiate strategies such as the establishment of emission standard for vehicles to improve the air quality in the city. Transport Vision is to provide the entire population with a safe, reliable, affordable, convenient, cost effective and environmentally friendly transport system in support of strategies for socio economic development.

12 Transpor t

13 4.1 The goals of the transport vision have been identified as Accessibility to activities and supplies needed by people and enterprises Efficient use of economic resources Environmental sustainability Transport safety especially on roads

14 4.2 Transport strategies Road network Civil aviation Inter city passenger transport Freight transport Regional connectivity Urban transport Road safety Road transport regulation Transport sector management

15 5.0 Mitigation Measures and Policies Decreasing the number of vehicles as a result of increasing prices of cars (elimination of tax exemption for public servants) and increasing fuel price Time limitation and fee for parking in urban areas Regulation of taxis ( highly efficient and electric cars) Improved efficiency in the stock of vehicle Upgrading pedestrian and cycling facilities Increased share of electrical cars in the stock of vehicles Improved public transport (safe, affordable and responsive to demand)

16 Contd. Improved traffic engineering and management techniques Introduction of large and more comfortable buses on major routes Introduction of incentive measures including tax waivers for new environmentally friendly and fuel efficient buses and taxis Construction of bus terminals and taxi parking in all Dzongkhag centers including bus stops along the highways Improving efficiency of petrol and diesel vehicles through standards

17 Contd. Introduction of vehicles running on alternative fuel: Compressed natural gas Liquefied petroleum gas Bio fuels Electric vehicles Mass transit options (electric trolley bus, light rail transit) Promotion of motorized transport Integration of land use and transport planning Improved bus service system by reducing the waiting time between the buses and the road user will shift their mode choices and the number of private car users will be reduced

18 Contd. Convert from two way narrow street to one way street in the city area As the two way narrow streets could create heavy traffic congestions especially during peak hour periods This will generate less exhaust emission from vehicle engines as changing to one way can improve traffic flow and reduce traffic congestion To provide electric train within the city area as Bhutan can produced the electricity in a tremendous amount

19 5.1 Case and best practices of emission reduction and sustainable transport policies: Integrated Energy Management Master Plan for Bhutan TERI/DoE 2010 (IEMMP) Bhutan: Economic Analysis of Cleaner Technological and Options in the Non Energy Sector, ADB, December 2010 Given the mountainous terrain, transport of goods through rope ways should be considered for transport of both goods and people Rope ways would reduce the threat to loss of habitat and species especially in ecologically sensitive areas Environmental damage associated with road construction can also be avoided Pedestrian day observation, cycling and walking to the work areas Introduction of electric and solar cars

20 Feasibility of Rope Way

21 6.0 High vehicle emissions in Bhutan can be attributed to: lack of legal framework to control vehicle emissions poor quality of road network import of reconditioned diesel vehicles (recently banned) low quality fuel/lubricants poor maintenance of vehicles and lack of genuine spare parts inadequate public transport overloading of heavy vehicles

22 Data related to transport emissions and sustainable transport indicators (provide time series data where possible) Vehicle population Source: RSTA Annual Report (Financial Year )

23 Vehicle Population by classification

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25 7.0 Vehicle Emission Standards Timeline Significant developments in Bhutan s management of vehicle emissions include: 1996 Import of used vehicles and 2 stroke two wheelers was banned effective 1996; 1999 RSTA developed Road Safety and Transport Regulations that included emission requirements for all vehicles registered in Bhutan; 2001 Bhutan began import of unleaded petrol; 2002 EURO 1 type approval standards required for all new light duty vehicles

26 Contd Bhutan began import of ultra low sulphur diesel fuel (0.025% sulphur content); Reduction of import tax on vehicle spare parts in particular parts relevant to vehicle emission such as air filters, oil filters and fuel filters; 2003 Establish in use vehicle emission standards and an emission testing programme; 2006 Vehicle testing programme was contracted to two private companies in Thimphu and Phuentsholing;

27 Contd. Revised emission standards effective from 1 st March 2008 Fuel Type Vehicles registered prior to 1 Jan 2005 Vehicles registered after 1 Jan 2005 Petrol (% CO) Diesel (%HSU) All New vehicles imported into the country must meet euro-ii type approval

28 Contd. Fuel quality Bhutan imports unleaded petrol and low sulphur diesel fuel of sufficient quality for EURO II and EURO III requirements. Fuel quality is regulated by the Department of Trade, Ministry of Economic Affairs. Driver awareness Maintenance requirements for their vehicles were made aware. Vehicles with higher than normal emission contributes to poor air quality and expensive to drive to reduced fuel economy. Tampering with engine adjustment and adulteration of fuel contributes to increased health risks and costs from air pollution. Continuing efforts for public awareness are necessary to built support and compliance with stricter emission standards & maintenance requirements.

29 8.0 Recommendations The following are recommended for improvement of the emission testing programme: Require reporting of test results every 6 months, so results through midyear can be used to adjust requirements for following calendar year; Include standard breakdowns of test results in the 6 month report, such as by test (CO, HC, Smoke), fuel type, weight class, EURO class and vehicle age; Establish a database format for exchange of digital data from the testing centres and require that digital data be delivered to RSTA together with 6 month report; Initiate auditing of emission test centres and test technicians by RSTA officials. Check instruments for calibration and linearity, check that the standard operation procedure is followed by testers;

30 Contd. Send RSTA selected vehicles for duplicate testing at each of the test centres in both Thimphu and Phuentsholing to document the variability in test results between centres and between cities; Arrange an annual meeting of all the persons involved in vehicle emission testing (managers, test operators, assistants and government officials) to refresh the testers knowledge of the regulations and standard procedures (including hands on demonstrations) to exchange experience with testing operations and dealing with vehicle owners and to present and discuss the testing results. RSTA should link the received test data to vehicle registration data to identify vehicles which have not been tested;

31 Contd. Permit to import some specific model and type of vehicles which meets the certain standard of emission control as there is no vehicle manufacturer in Bhutan; Increase sales tax and import tax by more than 50% to minimize the import of cars as the customers have to pay more cost to own a car; Increase interest rates of vehicle loan for non public transport vehicles as the policy in Bhutan of granting low interest rates of vehicle loan from financial institutions increases the purchase rate of private cars in Bhutan; Provide bicycle lanes in the city area and promote the use of bicycle for short trip. This strategy is to limit the use of private cars; Construction of pedestrian footbridges at busy street crossings within the city area to improve the walking facilities for pedestrians in the city area;

32 Contd. Plans should be made to establish a chassis dynamometer test Centre in Thimphu for advanced monitoring of vehicle emissions at Thimphu s altitude and to evaluate the benefit and practicality of requiring dynamometer testing, especially for smoke; Require emission test certificate to be examined whenever vehicle registration papers are examined including during roadside checks by police; Establish penalties for failing to get the vehicle emission test or for repeated failure of the test. Strict enforcement of annual emission testing; Increase the number of city bus service at least two buses per hour on each existing routes to reduce the waiting time between the buses and the road user will shift their mode of choices and the number of private car users will be reduced;

33 Contd. Switch from diesel fuel to Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) bus engine for the public transport vehicles; Install On Board Diagnostic (OBD) system in the vehicles to alert drivers when the emission from their vehicle exceeds the limits; Retrofit and scrap motor vehicles which have emissions beyond the standards; To establish effective strategies and mandatory regulations followed by policies involving infrastructure development and fiscal policy measures;

34 Road Accident Fatalities (deaths) in Bhutan ( )

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36 Why vehicle accidents are increasing? Unplanned and unchecked growth in vehicle numbers; No proper assessment of road crash costs Government not well informed; Inadequate fund for safety activities; Lack of coordination among relevant stakeholders; Poor road design and condition; In adequate manpower inadequate inspections; Lack of professionals (Traffic Engineers, Road Safety Experts, Traffic and Transport Planners etc.

37 Causes of Road Accidents Human (driver) behavior Road Conditions Mechanical condition of vehicles Weather condition and other external factors Alcohol and drugs Speeding Reckless driving Overloading Inexperienced and untrained drivers Learner drivers Not following proper lanes Not following traffic rules Not following proper parking rules Poor planning and road designs and conditions Lack of proper maintenance of roads Lack of footpaths and pedestrian crossings in urban areas Inadequate road markings and signage Inadequate crash barriers Dumping of construction materials on road space Use of poor quality vehicles Poor vehicle maintenance Lack of good workshop facilities and trained mechanics Use of spurious spare parts Drivers/vehicle owners lack basic knowledge on mechanical conditions of the vehicles Poor visibility due to fog along highways Land slides and shooting boulders due to heavy rain in summer months Snow and Ice on roads during winter in cold places

38 Road Conditions

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40 Road condition Mechanical Condition

41 Mechanical Condition Weather Condition

42 Weather Condition

43 Over loading

44 Human Behaviour

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48 Gate Way of Bhutan

49 Capital City

50 Neighboring Indian Town

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