An Analysis of the Fuel Used for Transport in Sri Lanka

Transcription

1 An Analysis of the Fuel Used for Transport in Sri Lanka Amal S. Kumarage Professor, Dept. of Transport & Logistics Management, University of Moratuwa Chairman, National Transport Commission Sri Lanka Energy Managers Association- Annual Session

2 Fuel Consumption (in millions) [ ] 3,500 3,000 2,500 Growth 7% p.a Fuel Consumption (llitres - mn) 2,000 1,500 1, Growth 4% p.a Petrol Diesel Total Year

3 160 Fuel Consumption per capita Per Capita Fuel Consumption [ ] Growth 5.5% p.a Per Capita Fuel Consum mption Growth 1.5% p.a Petrol Diesel Total Year

4 Spilt between diesel and petrol Petrol Diesel Fuel Consumption (Percentage by Fuel Type) Percentage Year

5 Cost of Fuel Used

6 Fuel Use by Function & Mode pax vehicles 71% railways 1% buses 13% freight 15% railways buses freight pax vehicles

7 % Fleet % Vehicle Kms % Fuel Consumption % Passenger Kms Buses Dual Purpose Vehicles Private Cars Three Wheelers Motor Cycles Goods Vehicle

8 Analysis of Road Vehicle Performance % Fleet % Vehicle Kms % Fuel Consumption % Pax. Kms 20 % Pax. Kms 10 % Fuel Consumption % Vehicle Kms 0 Buses Dual Purpose Vehicles Private Cars Three Wheelers Motor Cycles % Fleet

9 Economic Implications Value of Fuel for Transport US$ 3 billion (10% of GDP) Cost of Infrastructure Highways Rs 75 bn Railways Rs 20 bn Other Inputs Rs 50 bn Total Cost of Transport Rs 800 bn US$ 7.5 bn

10 Fuel Consumption by area CMC area 5% Major arteries to Colombo - 10% Trunk Road 40-45% Provincial Roads 15-20% Other Urban - 5% Rural - 20%

11 Example: Fuel Consumption Reduction Strategy for Urban Areas Reduction of Travel Demand (compact cities, flexible hours, work weeks etc) Improving Non-fuel & Fuel efficient modes of transport (railway & bus systems) Impact of Pricing

12 The Problem Centralized Commercial Development Congestion at peak hours Residential Area

13 Option 1: Redeveloping Urban Areas Satellite Cities developed as Compact Cities Improved Public Transport Congestion is minimized As minimum need of Transportation Satellite City Commercial Core center Satellite City

14 Option 2: Public Transport Strategy for Reducing the Traffic Load on Roads Centralized Commercial Development Served by Quality Public Transport Residential Area

15 Objective #1: Premium Coach Service To transfer private vehicle users to HOVs Features To serve 3 major attraction nodal points in city Along 5 major corridors Door-to door service As near comfort as cars, Reliability Benefit For 10% shift saving p.a. 6 mil litres Example Singapore

16 Objectives: #2: Park and Ride To transfer LOV users to HOVs including railways Features Located at multi-modal centres Secure reliable car parks With other conviniences Frequent services minimum every 15 minute Benefit: For 10% modal shift 6 million litres p.a Example- Bangalore, India

17 Objective: #3: Car/Van Pooling To reduce number of LOVs Features Virtual no-cost exercise Can be web based and easily set up Examples Almost all medium to large cities in the developed countries have this facility. Several cities in India have also started this in the last two years. Benefit, If 1% use it savings 1 million litres p.a.

18 #4: School Transport Service Objective: Reduce large number of private vehicles and vans arriving at specific time to specific locations an cause severe local congestion also. Features Target low occupancy vehicles Can be financially viable Requires safety, reliability, comfort, security Benefits Estimated reduction of 4000 vehicle trips daily requires around 100 buses. Savings 1 million litres of fuel Example Bangalore

19 #5: Adjustments to Work Hours. Objective: To reduce traffic peaks by smoothening demand Survey in Progress, thereby increase speed and reduce fuel use. Features: Spreads demand peaks Three Types of Interventions Flex-Hours Compressed Work Week Staggered Work Hours

20 General Pattern of Corridor Flows to CMC 1400 Total Vehicle Flow(Smoothened) Corridor:Colombo-Negombo Road Location:Peliyagoda Link No: A Date:09/06/ A Average Flow Flow/30 minits 400 B Time To Colombo From Colombo

21 Composition of Trips by their Puposes of Traveling (CMC Boundary,2004) HBW Trip HBO Trip rip Category Time NHB Trip % of Tr

22 Time Interval Flow in MC C Probable HBW Trips Divided Flow components Probab le After 1 FH Reducti on in total Flow Probab le Flow with 1FH

23 Staggered Hours Opening Time Closing Time Schools Government 7:30 AM 1:30 PM Schools Private 7:20 AM 1:20 PM Schools - International 7:45AM to 9AM Before 1 PM or 2 PM or after Offices - Government 7:45 AM to 9 AM 4:15 PM to 5 PM Offices Private 9 AM and after 5 PM and after Trade 930 Am and after 530 PM and after

24 #6: Dedicated Bus Infrastructure Objective: To improve the speed of buses and high occupancy vehicles so that more people will leave cars and switch to buses. Features: Bus Lanes on one-way systems Bus Rapid Transit Examples: Bus Lanes many cities BRT Delhi, Pune + 6 other Indian cities; 30+ Chinese cities. Benefit: For Battramulla- Dematagoda BRT estimated fuel savings 1.7 Million litres p.a.

25 Bus Lanes and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Systems Newest System New Delhi

26 Objective: #7: Improving Rail Transport Increase present modal share from 10% to 15% by 2010 Features: Fast, reliable more energy efficient service; indirectly reduces vehicles on road, which in turn reduces congestion and reduces fuel consumption. Good inter-modal transfers required. Benefits: For 50% increase assuming 80% from bus and 20% from private vehicles, savings 1 million litres p.a.

27 Objective; #8: Introducing Rapid Transit To provide fast comfortable urban rail based transit systems Features: Fast, comfortable, can attract private vehicle uses, but viable when per capita incomes reach US$ 4,000 for small to medium cities. Benefits Can be as much as 100 million litres per corridor p.a. Example: DMTC New Delhi

28 Characteristic Busway LRT Metro Suburban Rail Segregation At-grade At-grade Mostly elevated/u gd At-grade Space Requirement Flexibility Initial Cost US$ mn / km 2-4 lanes from existing road Flexible in both imp n and op s, robust operationally 2-3 lanes from existing road Limited flexibility, risky in financial terms Elevated or u gd, little impact on existing road Inflexible and risky in financial terms at-grade elevated u gd - Inflexible - Practical Capacity Pass/hr/direction 10-20, ,000 60, ,000 Operating Speed Kph

29 #9: Setting up Internal Container Depots Objective: To transfer port related freight from road to rail transport Features: Customs, warehousing and customs located away from city Direct transport can be done by rail, especially at night Benefits: If 25% of Inland containers can be moved by rail saving would be around 20 million litres p.a.

30 Objectives: #10: Introduce a Car Free Day To get people used to using alternative means of transport Features: To ensure that no private vehicles are allowed to travel within the city between 6AM and 6 PM. Example: Can follow a Car Free Day on 22 nd September which the UN has announced as the World Car Free Day. Round the world, Car Free Day is celebrated by more than 1392 cities every year.

31 #Finale: Electronic Road Pricing Objective: To ensure that pricing to used to mange demand within the supply of road space available. Feature: Easy to collect system, low cost, must have alternative modes to transfer to: Benefits: For every 1 km/hr speed increase saving will be around 20 mn litres p.a. Example: Singapore, London and at least 100 cities world wide.

32 The Essential Ingredient: Political Will Bogota- Colombia Enrique Peñalosa's leadership as Mayor from , led to many changes in Bogota becoming a more livable city. He said "In Bogotá, we chose to build a city for people, not for automobiles, "Cities built for cars' mobility suffer from congestion and unsafe street conditions and leave many residents with poor access to jobs. Instead of these problems, we gave our citizens enjoyable public spaces and unprecedented mobility." "Typically, when we judge a city's success we talk about skyscrapers, superhighways and parking spaces. The experience of Bogotá shows one that is centered on the needs and contentment of all the city's residents not just those that own a private car." "God made us walking animals pedestrians. As a fish needs to swim, a bird to fly, a deer to run, we need to walk, not in order to survive, but to be happy."

33 Latin America's largest network of bicycle ways A world-class Bus Rapid Transit system of dedicated bus lanes called Trans Milenio- carries ½ million people daily The world's longest pedestrian-only street, spanning 17 kms and 300 kms of sidewalks, many through the city's poorest neighborhoods for which he was nearly impeached by the car owning lobby. The planet's biggest Car-Free Day, Instituted the city's first "Car-Free Day" in Through a referendum, people adopted a yearly car free day and decided that from the year 2015 onwards, there would be no cars during rush hours. Car-Free Sunday, when many streets are closed to motorized traffic to make space for thousands of cyclists and pedestrians.

34 Villingilli - Maldives Presently Promotes a different lifestyle suburb and shows what life can be without the motor vehicle. More friendly towards children and elders Needs to have physical control of vehicles coming in.

35 Conclusions High prices have focussed again the need to conserve limited energy sources Heavy consumption among small group of private vehicle users There are many technical interventions where by fuel use can be drastically reduces. Interventions need Political Leadership and ability to communicate essential economic, environmental and social principles. Success requires a Strategic Long-Term Policy