Path to achieving a good transport system:

Transcription

1 Path to achieving a good transport system: Lessons learnt from Bogota to Delhi Geetam Tiwari Transportation Research and Injury prevention Programme Indian Institute of Technology Delhi FUTURE URBAN TRANSPORT 2006

2 Good Transport System: whose definition? User Indicators Access Cost Connectivity Personal safety, security 85% of Bogotá s 7 million inhabitants within 500 metres of a TransMilenio line by 2015

3 Desirable trip length for users preferred choice Distance, time, access/line haul, marginal cost, safety, security 2WH: 1.8 3WH: 2.5 Car: 4.8 Taxi: 7 Bus: 6.5 Metro: 14

4 Example of a good transport system? Main mode to work in Mumbai, India Car Two-Wheeler Auto-Rickshaw Public Bus Train Bicycle On foot All commuters Low income Percent 80%motorised trips by PT, 44% train, 36%bus Source: Baker, J. et al (2004) Urban Poverty and Transport: The Case of Mumbai (Personal communication) IIT Delhi 2004

5 Cities within cities

6 52% traffic fatalities involve pedestrians Pedestrian facilities are given low priority Signalized intersections are designed to improve flow of motorized traffic Pedestrians fatalities have increased over the years

7 Good Transport continued Operator Indicators Load factor Net revenue Financial efficiency

8 Load factor and financial efficiency

9 Good Transport continued Social indicators Modal shares Congestion Safety Emmissions

10 Optimality Indicators Least space consumption/passenger-km Least energy consumption/ passenger- km Least emission/passenger-km Least accidents/passenger-km

11 Optimality Indicators Mode of transport Occupancy persons Energy consumption Kj/pass-km Co emission gm/pass-km Fatalities/mil lion pass-km Scooter Car Bus(Diesel) Train(EMU) Fatalitiy does not include access trips. Public transport- Bus and Train/metro to be given priority

12 How much does 1 billion US$ buy set the foot into the door before it is closed

13 Station cost comparison BRT Station Quito, Ecuador Rail Station Porto Alegre, Brazil Lloyd Wright Lloyd Wright $35,000 $150 million

14 Resources distribution Billeting 9.9% TransMilenio S.A. Trust Fund 2.9% 0.0% Contingency Fund 2.4% Fine's Fund 0.2% Feeders 6.1% Operation 78.4% Angelica Castro

15 Los Angeles and its debt US$7 billion of debt with its metro system Annual payments of US$360 million per year Karl Fjellstrom Karl Fjellstrom Karl Fjellstrom

16 Construction time Lloyd Wright BRT: < 18 months Metros: > 3 years Karl Fjellstrom

17 Curitiba,, Brazil Serves five major corridors 1.9 million passenger trips per day 58 km of express busways, 270 km of feeder routes 270 passenger bi-articulated buses Karl Fjellstrom

18 A new phenomenon Bus Rapid Transit is a remarkable new phenomenon in the public transit field. It offers the opportunity to provide a sophisticated, highquality transit product at a fraction of the cost of other options. Transit Cooperative Research Program Lloyd Wright

19 Total city coverage Putting 85% of Bogotá s 7 million inhabitants within 500 metres of a TransMilenio line by 2015 Enrique Penalosa

20 BogotáOscar Diaz, Bike intersection, in GTZ 2003 (forthcoming

21 Non-motorised transport Bike Paths Angelica Castro

22 Economics of BRT Bus Rapid Transit $1-10 million / km Metros and rail $ million / km Karl Fjellstrom Karl Fjellstrom Karl Fjellstrom

23 Two systems: same cost Rail system Rail Metro Bus Rapid Transit system Bus Rapid Transit Lloyd Wright

24 BEFORE AFTER Angelica Castro

25 Lloyd Wright

26 Depots and Lloyd Wright maintenance facilities 4 bus depots Total cost US$ 15.2 million Karl Fjellstrom US$ 3.8 million / facility 4 construction contracts and 3 supervisory contracts

27 Operation: buses Angelica Castro Angelica Castro Aticulated Buses High Platform 4 doors on the left side 1.10 mts. Each Euro II diesel or CNG

28 Organisational structure TRANSMILENIO S.A. ALCALDIA MAYOR DE Bogotá Planning, Management, and Control Infrastructure developed by local government Trunk lines Stations Maintenance facilities Complementary infrastructure Fare collection managed by private sector Smart cards Financial management and disbursements Concessioned private sector bus companies System operation Bus procurement Employee management Maintenance Lloyd Wright

29 Could this happen without Penelosa? Bogotá - Colombia Angelica Castro

30 460 km of arterial roads,`10000 buses carrying 6 m trips Existing Rail Corridors, Delhi Metro Rail System 256 km by 2021, estimated cost USD~3500 million Delhi Metro First Phase (2005) 65 km, projected ridership 1.5 m/d, actual ridership 0.4 m/d, USD 7.1m loss/yr, 100% cost Final overruns Phase (2021), 60% residents & 82% area not within walking distance!!!

31 Delhi Metro (DMRC) Sreedharan a role model PM of India, 31 Dec,05 Sreedharan honoured by Government of India 2004, IIT Delhi, 2005, French Govt. 2005, CNN- TIME magazine principal voices program 2005 Metro systems should be planned for all cities with more than 3 million population Sreedharan,2004 DMRC will reduce traffic congestion, pollution and accident Staff reporters of 5 leading English language newspapers every fortnight Delhi metro is an example of a good urban infrastructure project India Infrastructure report 2006

32 The path to achieving a good system what is generic and what is specific What know-how can we transfer and what is specific? Systems perceived to be good or otherwise have a strong leadership: strong mayors in Bogota and Curitiba and DMRC, MD in Delhi Project implementation efficiency is dependent on authoritative structure; efficiency and public participation have conflict in the short term Media plays an important role in creating the perception:media reports are not analytical, lack scientific analysis Good systems and perceived good systems both give national pride. Transmilenio in Bogota and DMRC in Delhi

33 Perceived good system vs good system Good systems are optimal for users, operators and the society. Polluting three wheelers, loss making metro do not meet this requirement. Good system may or may not be dependent on a good process participatory approach (example of Transmilenio) Good systems are inclusive: priority to those without choices eg children, infirm, poor, physically challenged etc.

34 System Summary Characteristic Line Capacity (Pax/hr/direction)/ not demand Commercial Speed (km/hr)/freq of stops Infrastructure cost (cr/km) Avg. Cost/trip Desired trip length Catchment area LRT Skybus 20,000-25, ~ km Medium (feeder) Metro 40,000-70, ~ km Low (feedermust) BRTS () 20,000-35, ~ km high

35 Location/context specific Definition of socially optimal system(sos) alone is insufficient. Conflict between SOS and capital intensive interests Path dependency Self image: Fascination with modern technology Human lust for speed (even if it gets you nowhere) Good systems require good processes which take time (inverse is not true)

36 Process leading to Good system Participatory mechanism Resolution of conflicting demands Acceptable solutions by scientific community Leadership System Efficiency & all the above Expertise Implementation efficiency & all the above