Fukushima Nuclear Accident ~Personal Perspective on The Human Impact~

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1 Fukushima Nuclear Accident ~Personal Perspective on The Human Impact~ National Radiological Emergency Preparedness Conference Austin, Texas April 8 th, 2013 Kenji Tateiwa Manager, Nuclear Power Programs Tokyo Electric Power Company, Washington Office tateiwa.kenji@tepco.co.jp All Rights Reserved 2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.

, Tokyo-H/Q 02~ 04: MBA, Stanford Graduate School of Business 04~ 05: Nuclear Engineering Dept. 05~ 11: International Affairs Dept.

2 My Background All Rights Reserved 2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 2 90~ 96: Kyoto University BS/MS in Nuclear Engineering 96~: TEPCO 96~ 00: Fukushima Daini NPS 00~ 02: Nuclear Engineering Dept., Tokyo-H/Q 02~ 04: MBA, Stanford Graduate School of Business 04~ 05: Nuclear Engineering Dept. 05~ 11: International Affairs Dept. Mar.~Sept. 11: Fukushima Response Int l Team, Tokyo-H/Q Sept. 11~: Washington DC Office TEPCO class of 96 in Naraha-town, Fukushima (Jan. 2000) Pursued Nuclear Renaissance in Texas (June 2010)

My Post-Accident Activities IAEA Preliminary Mission (4/6/2011@1F) IAEA:

My Post-Accident Activities All Rights Reserved 2013 Tokyo Electric

5 My Post-Accident Activities Nothing has been more important in my career than supporting TEPCO. Discussion with U.S. INPO-Industry Support Team INPO: Institute of Nuclear Power Operations All Rights Reserved 2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 5

Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) Houses Swept Away http://archive.shinsai.yahoo.co.

jp/ Cruise Ship Stranded March 11, 2011 at 2:46pm Magnitude 9.

6 Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) Houses Swept Away Cruise Ship Stranded March 11, 2011 at 2:46pm Magnitude ,000 dead/missing Largest earthquake/tsunami in recorded history of Japan All Rights Reserved 2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 6

Damage Caused by GEJE (cont d) Fire Truck

(2011) Jogan (869) x 63,000 Keicho-Sanriku (1611) GEJE (2011) http://wcrnews.

8 Comparison of Seismic Energy (Magnitude) M5.8 Meiji Sanriku (1896) Hanshin Awaji (1995) 6,400 casualties Virginia, USA (2011) Jogan (869) x 63,000 Keicho-Sanriku (1611) GEJE (2011) All Rights Reserved 2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 8

9 Impact of GEJE to TEPCO Facilities All Rights Reserved 2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 9 Shutdown: Nuclear power: 7 units Thermal power: 12 units Hydro power: 25 units Substations: 8 Power outage: 4 million households Rolling blackout for 10 days Massive interruption of infrastructure: Public transportation Telecommunication Food/water supply 52 GW Before earthquake 31 GW Shortly after earthquake Lost 40% of power supply capacity Epicenter

10 TEPCO s Nuclear Power Stations All Rights Reserved 2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 10 Kashiwazaki-Kariwa (KK) U-5,6,7 U-4 U-3 U-2 U-1 Fukushima Daiichi (1F) U-6 U-5 U-1 U-2 U-3 U-4 Fukushima Daini (2F) U-4 U-3 U-2 U-1 (source) JAIF

12 Impact of Earthquake/Tsunami at 1F All Rights Reserved 2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. (C)GeoEye 12 After the Earthquake (near design-basis): Loss of all off-site power Plant responded as designed (automatic shutdown of operating units/startup of emergency diesel generators) After the Tsunami (beyond design-basis): Station Black Out (SBO) for 5 out of 6 units Loss of almost all safety system, instrumentation, lighting, etc. Unit 6 Unit 5 Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Radwaste Processing building Seismically Isolated Bldg. (ERC)

14 Tsunami Observed at 1F (cont d) All Rights Reserved 2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 14 重油タンク Tank (height:5.5m) Ground Level (10m above sea) 撮影日 :2011/3/11 15:42 撮影日 :2011/3/11 15:42 撮影日 :2011/3/11 15:43 Tank Fully Submerged Car Stuck in the Building 撮影日 :2011/3/11 15:43 撮影日 :2011/3/11 15:43 撮影日 :2011/3/11 15:44

15 Roads damaged by earthquake Continual aftershocks, tsunami

15 Accident Response at 1F: In the Field All Rights Reserved 2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 15 Roads damaged by earthquake Continual aftershocks, tsunami alerts, open manholes, etc. exacerbated the situation. Roads blocked by tsunami debris

Accident Response at 1F: In the Main Control Room All Rights

16 Checked instrumentation in nearcomplete darkness.

Brought in heavy batteries to restore instrumentations.

16 Accident Response at 1F: In the Main Control Room All Rights Reserved 2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 16 Checked instrumentation in nearcomplete darkness. Supervised operation wearing full-face mask. Brought in heavy batteries to restore instrumentations. Lack of: instrumentation, communication means, lighting, food, water, sleep,... Increase in: radiation level, fatigue, fear, despair,...

Accident Response at 1F: Containment Venting (Unit 1) MO MO 210 Rupture disc ラプチャーディスク 0.549MPabs で破壊 Exhaust 排気筒 stack Remote operation unavailable due to SBO.

17 Accident Response at 1F: Containment Venting (Unit 1) MO MO 210 Rupture disc ラプチャーディスク 0.549MPabs で破壊 Exhaust 排気筒 stack Remote operation unavailable due to SBO. IA 電磁弁 AO 90 閉 AO 83 AO AO 1 AO 閉閉ボンベ D/W 最高使用圧力 0.528MPabs RPV Venting required to avoid catastrophic failure. ベント実施圧力 0.954MPabs D/W AO 213 MO IA AO 72 AO 閉ボンベ電磁弁 Six men formed 3 last-resort teams to manually open 2 valves in highly-radioactive area. Core damage already progressing by this time (3/12 9:04-9:30). One operator exceeded 100 msv (10 rem). All Rights Reserved 2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 17

Fire Cistern Fire Cistern Fire Cistern inoperable Valve Pit Valve Pit Valve Pit Valve Pit standby Fire

18 Accident Response at 1F: Water Injection by Fire Trucks Fire trucks played critical role in injecting water into reactors. Fire brigade operated fire trucks amidst high radiation/successive explosions. Fire Cistern Fire Cistern Fire Cistern inoperable Valve Pit Valve Pit Valve Pit Valve Pit standby Fire Cistern Fire Cistern Status as of 3/14/2011 Shallow Draft Quay Sea All Rights Reserved 2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 18

19 Overview of the 10-Unit Simultaneous Accidents All Rights Reserved 2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 19 Date 3/11 3/12 3/13 3/14 3/15 1F /11 15:27 1 st Tsunami, 15:35 2 nd Tsunami 3/11 15:22~ Tsunamis Station Blackout Water Injection: NO Heat Removal: NO 3/12 15:36 Unit 1 Explosion 3/14 11:01 Unit 3 Explosion 3/12 8:13 D/G-6B 3/15 6:00-6:10 Unit 4 Explosion Water Injection: YES Heat Removal: NO 3/14 1:24 RHR 3/14 17:00 3/14 7:13 RHR 3/14 18:00 2F 3/12 12:15 Loss of Ultimate Heat Sink 3/14 15:42 RHR 3/15 7:15 3/ /19 5:00 RHR 3/19 22:14 RHR 3/20 3/20 15:46 P/C-2C 3/20 15:46 P/C-2C 3/22 10:36 P/C-4D 3/22 10:35 P/C-4D 3/20 14:30 3/20 14:30 Water Injection: YES Heat Removal: YES Cold Shutdown

20 Hundreds of Aftershocks Greater than M 5.0 Daily Number of Aftershocks Cumulative Number of Aftershocks On March 11 th alone 179 times > M times > M6.0 3 times > M Daily Cumulative /11 3/12 cf. Earthquake in Virginia on Aug. 23, 2011: M 5.8 3/13 3/14 3/15 3/16 3/17 3/18 3/19 3/20 3/21 3/22 3/23 3/24 3/ All Rights Reserved 2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc (Source) Japan Meteorological Agency

Soon the tsunami came and I was minutes away from being drowned, when my colleague smash opened the window and saved my life.

21 Voices from the Field All Rights Reserved 2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 21 In an attempt to check the status of Unit 4 D/G, I was trapped inside the security gate compartment. Soon the tsunami came and I was minutes away from being drowned, when my colleague smash opened the window and saved my life. In total darkness, I could hear the unearthly sound of SRV dumping steam into the torus. I stepped on the torus to open the S/C spray valve, and my rubber boot melted. Unit 3 could explode anytime soon, but it was my turn to go to the main control room. I called my dad and asked him to take good care of my wife and kids should I die. Torus Room Unit 1 Main Control Room

Voices from the Field (cont d) All Rights Reserved 2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 22 At that time, I was conjuring up faces of fellow colleagues who would die with me.

22 Voices from the Field (cont d) All Rights Reserved 2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 22 At that time, I was conjuring up faces of fellow colleagues who would die with me. (Masao Yoshida, Site Superintendent) I was determined to stay behind to my death; however I was resolved to send my men back home alive. (Ikuo Izawa, Shift Manager) Let me go and vent the containment. I know where the valve is and I can run fast. Let me protect the unit that I love. (Kazuhiro Yoshida, Deputy Shift Manager) The Man Who Saw The Brink of Death Book reveals human drama in Fukushima No. 1 crisis The Japan Times 12/11/2012

Current Status of 1F Live Camera Image (as of 3/10/2013) http://www.tepco.

html All reactors stably cooled by circulating water system Radioactivity release significantly

23 Current Status of 1F Live Camera Image (as of 3/10/2013) All reactors stably cooled by circulating water system Radioactivity release significantly reduced Preparation ongoing for removal of fuels from spent fuel pools Progress being made in investigating inside containment vessels All Rights Reserved 2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 23

Measured Value Current Status of 1F: Off-site Radiation Dose and Evacuation Zones Aerial Radiation Dose Map

jp/map/map.html 10km 1F 1 μsv/h = 8.76 msv/y 2.

:Restricted Area :Deliberate Evacuation Area http://www.reconstruction.go.jp/topics/20130307_shiryo1-1.

24 Measured Value Current Status of 1F: Off-site Radiation Dose and Evacuation Zones Aerial Radiation Dose Map (μsv/h at 1 m above ground; as of Dec. 2012) Evacuation Zones (from April 2013) 30km 20km 10km 1F 1 μsv/h = 8.76 msv/y 2.3 μsv/h = 20 msv/y :Evacuation Release Prepared Area :Residence Restricted Area :Return Difficulty Area :Restricted Area :Deliberate Evacuation Area Evacuation zones to be relaxed for areas below 20 msv/y Int l consensus on health impact of low-dose radiation urgently needed All Rights Reserved 2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 24 1F

25 Safety Enhancement Measures at Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPS Height: 10 m (15 m above sea) All Rights Reserved 2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 25 Fire trucks: 8 Current D/G trucks (500kVA): 23 GTG trucks (4500kVA): 2 After Width: 15 m Length: 1.5 km Seawall Water-tight doors

26 TEPCO Board of Directors Reforming TEPCO s Nuclear Operation Request Proposal Nuclear Reform Monitoring Committee Dr. Dale Klein, Chairman (Former Chairman, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission) Lady Barbara Judge, Deputy Chairman (Former Chairman, U.K. Atomic Energy Authority) Dr. Kenichi Ohmae, Member (CEO, Business Breakthrough, Inc.) Mr. Masafumi Sakurai, Member (Former Superintendent Public Prosecutor) Mr. Kazuhiko Shimokobe, Member (Chairman, TEPCO) Mr. Kazuhiro Suzuki, Secretary-General (CEO, Nuclear Fuel Transport Co.) Supervision Reference Reporting Observation Reporting Observation / Supervision TEPCO Nuclear Reform Special Task force Mr. Naomi Hirose (President) Mr. Zengo Aizawa (Chief Nuclear Officer) Execution Mr. Takafumi Anegawa (General Manager, Nuclear Asset Management Dept.) All Rights Reserved 2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 26

27 My Post-Accident Activities in the U.S. All Rights Reserved 2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 27 Nuclear Industry Gov t Agencies Global Organizations Academia Professional Organizations, Think Tanks, NPOs Committed to disseminating lessons learned globally and working together to make nuclear power plants safer.

28 All Rights Reserved 2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 28 References [Japan] Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) Nuclear Reform Monitoring Committee of TEPCO Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) Japan Atomic Industrial Forum (JAIF) Japan Nuclear Safety Institute (JANSI) [USA] Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INPO) Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) National Academy of Science Fukushima Lessons Learned Committee [International] International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO) World Health Organization (WHO) ort/en/index.html

Current Status of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station & Lessons Learned from Experiences of the Great East Japan

Current Status of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station & Lessons Learned from Experiences of the Great East Japan These materials may contain sensitive information from TEPCO or other companies. Therefore, the usage of these materials outside of their intended goal is prohibited, alongside the showing or publication