FLEXIBILITY & NUCLEAR ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN FRANCE

Transcription

1 FLEXIBILITY & NUCLEAR ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN FRANCE with increasing shares of intermittent renewable electricity in the generation mix IAEA Thursday 5 th September 2013 François FARRUGGIA EDF Head of Short-Term Optimization

2 LARGEST FLEET IN EUROPE EDF nuclear fleet Largest fleet in Europe, homogeneous and concentrated 58 reactors in operation Spread across 19 sites Single technology : PWR (Pressurised Water Reactor) 63.3 GW of installed capacities by 3 series : 900 MW : 34 units, i.e. 31 GW MW : 20 units, i.e. 26 GW MW : 4 units, i.e. 6 GW Source : EDF 44 GW commissioned between 1980 and EDF François FARRUGGIA IAEA EDF th September 2013

3 January February March April May June July August September October November December TWh FRENCH ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION PATTERN IS PARTICULARLY SEASONAL TWh Monthly consumption of different EU countries during 2010 France Consumption pattern with high seasonal variations Germany UK Italy Monthly average consumption : 32 TWh in summer versus 50 TWh in winter 25 Spain 20 Allemagne Espagne France Royaume-Uni Italie Source : ENTSO-E 3 EDF François FARRUGGIA IAEA EDF th September 2013 Source : ENTSO-E

4 Number of NPP units in planned outage LEADING TO SEASONNAL PLANNED OUTAGES 75 % of french energy is supplied by NPPs each year Planned outages are scheduled according to consumption seasonality : limitation of outages during winter and concentration of outages from May to September Stakes regarding NPP outage planning is over 1 Billion 2010 seasonal schedule of NPP outages French weekly expected consumption (GW) 2010 forward price (dec. 2009) (EUR/MWh) week 4 EDF François FARRUGGIA IAEA EDF th September 2013

5 FRENCH SYSTEM IS NUCLEAR MARGINAL PART OF THE TIME Nuclear power output Nuclear Thursday, December power plant 27, 2012 generation MW average Spot price Source : RTE, EPEX Example of Thursday, December 27, 2012 The very low power consumption of that day led to the modulation of 12 nuclear power plants for about 10 GW. The 12.6 GW intraday amplitude in nuclear power plants Nuclear generation between the lowest point of 4h (40 power 394 MW) and the highest point of 19h ( MW) has been achieved by : 10 GW modulation restarting 2 nuclear power plants previously stopped for christmas period. In Série2 such situations, where all the fossil-fuel units are Série1 stopped, most of the primary & secondary reserve system requirements rely on the NPP s fleet. 5 EDF François FARRUGGIA IAEA EDF th September 2013

6 FLEXIBILITY : AN ADDED VALUE IN THE EDF SYSTEM Fuel savings are necessary to achieve optimal planned outage : Savings during summer or night hours allow to place a planned outage out of the winter. Intraday load following is necessary : around 10-20% hours are nuclear marginal Yearly modulation volumes are about 10 EFPD* per unit and can reach around 50 EFPD (EFPD : Effective Full Power Days) Secondary Reserve Week-end stop Night load following 6 EDF François FARRUGGIA IAEA EDF th September 2013

7 FIRST STEP TO USAGE VALUE : A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT AS AN ENERGY STOCK Source : EDF refueling = new initial stock level Stock ceases to be consumed Beginning of anticipation period Beginning of stretch-out period months Outage Outage or limitation Usual fuel operating period Anticipation period Stretch-out period 7 EDF François FARRUGGIA IAEA EDF th September 2013

8 USAGE VALUE : THE WAY TO ARBITRATE BETWEEN GENERATING NOW OR IN THE FUTURE The usage value management is a way to allocate the nuclear fuel savings to a plant in order to keep and/or optimize its outage or its generation schedule. Usage value : an economic criteria which helps us arbitrate between the option of generating at present or in the future A technique that was first developped for hydro power plants storage management. Statistical forecasts of electricity demand Market prices NPP fleet availability Optimized NPP planned outages schedule Initial fuel stocks Usage value ( /MWh) per unit is estimated on a weekly basis Merit Order used to Day-ahead dispatch (& Intraday Balancing Mechanism) 8 EDF François FARRUGGIA IAEA EDF th September 2013

9 FESSENHEIM 2 SAINT-ALBAN 1 PENLY 2 GOLFECH 2 DAMPIERRE 1 BLAYAIS 2 CRUAS 2 BUGEY 4 BELLEVILLE 2 CIVAUX 2 SAINT-ALBAN 2 FESSENHEIM 1 BUGEY 3 ST-LAURENT 1 PALUEL 2 BELLEVILLE 1 PALUEL 4 PENLY 1 BUGEY 2 FLAMANVILLE 1 CIVAUX 1 CATTENOM 3 TRICASTIN 4 DAMPIERRE 2 CHINON 3 BUGEY 5 TRICASTIN 1 GRAVELINES 3 CATTENOM 2 BLAYAIS 1 CRUAS 4 GRAVELINES 5 CRUAS 3 TRICASTIN 2 PALUEL 1 GRAVELINES 6 FLAMANVILLE 2 DAMPIERRE 3 CHINON 4 GRAVELINES 2 PALUEL 3 NOGENT 1 ST-LAURENT 2 BLAYAIS 3 CHINON 1 CRUAS 1 BLAYAIS 4 GRAVELINES 4 TRICASTIN 3 DAMPIERRE 4 CATTENOM 1 CHOOZ 2 CATTENOM 4 GOLFECH 1 CHINON 2 CHOOZ 1 GRAVELINES 1 NOGENT 2 USAGE VALUE /MWh USAGE VALUE LEVEL REFLECTS THE VOLUMES OF REMAINING FUEL SAVINGS TO BE DONE Heavily constrained units high volumes of fuel savings have to be done : shutdowns are necessary in addition to load following and ancillary services Constrained units small amount of fuel savings and incentives to reduce losses during stretch-out period in winter : usage value reflects priority to load following & ancillary services (no punctual shutdowns needed). Unconstrained units anticipation and stretchout period are small : NPP are ranked according to the best management of ancillary services. Units on planned outage : the usage value is conventionally set to zero NPP unit Source : EDF 9 EDF François FARRUGGIA IAEA EDF th September 2013

10 EXAMPLE : FLAMANVILLE 2 IN 2012 Important volume of fuel savings are necessary to reach upcoming planned outage date FLAMANVILLE 2 A 2 week advance on the planned outage reduces to zero the needs for fuel savings Saved EFPD part due to shutdown Opportunity cost Remaining fuel savings need Sunday market prices 5 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 Week Start-up after refuelling Shutdown on the first of January (bank holiday) Shutdown on the first of April (sunday) Increased participation in load following and System services In summer 10 EDF François FARRUGGIA IAEA EDF th September 2013

11 INTERMITTENT RENEWABLE WILL INCREASE NUCLEAR MODULATION IN THE FUTURE 2012 and 2020 expected wind and photovoltaic installed capacities in France and abroad nominal transfer capacities Increase shares of fluctuating renewable electricity in the generation mix has two effects : 9 23 GW 1 2 GW GB BE GW 4 6 GW GW GW 2.0 DE CH First one : a merit order effect. With its legal priority, renewable power is always delivered when available => taking an increasing share of the baseload generation profile, it increases modulation depth on nuclear generation GW 6 8 GW ES 0.8 FR 0.9 Source : CERA, RTE IT GW GW Second one : increasing hourly demand volatility. =>Leading to higher modulation from the day-ahead dispatch to the intraday balancing mechanism. 11 EDF François FARRUGGIA IAEA EDF th September 2013

12 CONCLUSION - KEY POINTS From the beginning, due to the french mix specificities, EDF nuclear power plant fleet has been designed to provide load following and full ancillary services (primary & secondary reserve). Today, renewable development gives a new spotlight to these technical abilities. In this context, EDF has developed advanced tools and knowledge to manage nuclear fuel savings and maximize the value of nuclear modulation. Increasing shares of intermittent renewable electricity in the generation mix has a major effect on the NPP s dispatch : as long as the legal priority remains, this will lead to increase modulation volumes, harder to manage. EDF considers that this situation is not sustainable in the longer term. Increasing occurrence of negative spot prices is a precursor of economic dysfunction => In such situations where their variable cost (0) is greater than the market price, renewables should also adapt their output and take their part of downward adjustment. 12 EDF François FARRUGGIA IAEA EDF th September 2013

13 APPENDICES

14 MANOEUVRABILITY OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT DEPENDS ON THE PROGRESS IN THE CYCLE Power level 100% 20% RUP Ancillary services (primary & secondary frequency control) Load following down to min level > 2h Minimum level of operation Shutdowns > 24h Stretch : Only primary frequency control Ancillary services No more load reductions Shutdowns > 36h 65% 90% 100% Progress in operating cycle Primary reserve volume/unit : 900MW : 20MW 1300MW : 50MW Secondary reserve/unit : 900MW : 30MW 1300MW : 70MW 14 EDF François FARRUGGIA IAEA EDF th September 2013

15 NUCLEAR FUEL MANAGEMENT 1300 GEMMES 900 CP0 (CYCLADES) Cycle duration (EFPD with 60 EFPD stretch-out operation length) fuel production duration (MPED with 60 MPED stretch-out operation length } Extended fuel cycle duration = 18 months (30 reactors) 900 CPY MOX 900 CPY UO2 } Annual fuel cycle duration = 12 months (28 reactors) year Annual cycle : one outage per year 1 year months cycle : a year without outage every 4 years 15 EDF François FARRUGGIA IAEA EDF th September 2013

16 EXAMPLE OF REAL-TIME INTRADAY DOWNWARD AJUSTEMENT ORDERED BY RTE (FRENCH TSO) Source : EDF 16 EDF François FARRUGGIA IAEA EDF th September 2013