Bergen 9 th.of January 2015

Transcription

1 Hybrid biogas buses Bergen 9 th.of January 2015 This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union ( The content of this publication is the sole responsibility of Baltic Biogas Bus and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. 1

2 The Baltic Biogas Bus project will prepare for and increase the use of the eco-fuel Biogas in public transport in order to reduce environmental impact from traffic and make the Baltic region a better place to live, work and invest in. The Baltic Biogas Bus project is supported by the EU, is part of the Baltic Sea Region programme and includes cities, counties and companies within the Baltic region. Author: Stein Bjørlykke, HOG Energi Project manager: John Martin Jacobsen (until October 2014) / Bjarte Årvik, Skyss Project: More Baltic Biogas Bus, WP 3 2

3 Summary In this report we focus on the design criteria, procurement, and performance of a brand new bus design; namely the Van Hool serial hybrid biogas bus, Exqui.City. The bus was purchased by Skyss following the Negotiated procedure above the EU Procurement Thresholds ; first prequalification and then a tender to the qualified companies, where after Van Hool s offer was chosen. Exqui.City is a 24 meter double articulated bus, electric driven with el produced from a biogas engine. The bus has the look of light rail and perform in many ways like a light rail and is as such well received by the public and the drivers. University College of Bergen has been surveying the bus while operating. The results show that emissions are extremely low when it comes to NOx. And better still: the NOx emission is mostly NO, not the health dangerous NO2. Fuel consumption is also low, over 30% reduction when compared to a conventional gas bus with same load. The noise inside and outside the bus was also very low. The conclusion is that the bus should be used on city lines with heavy traffic. It is comfortable, it runs quietly, it is clean and fuel efficient. 3

4 Table of Contents 1 Introduction Procurement Design criteria Award Criteria The Van Hool Exqui.City bus Capacity, dimensions and weight Engine (methane) CNG-electric serial hybrid drive system General layout Bus performance Test line Dissemination and public interest Evaluation

5 1 Introduction This report concerns the extension phace of the Baltic Biogas Bus project. In the extension phace EU has financed investments in eco-drive equipment, mobile upgrading equipment and hybrid biogas buses. The extension phace is a direct follow up of the conclusions on bus design in the main project. This was the conclusions from WP3.7 in the BBB project: Gas buses has been under development for some years now, but the design has not yet come to the mature design we see on diesel engines. Lambda 1 design with EGR should be the preferred solution because it offers an economic and energy effective engine with a possibility to connect a three way catalyst which means an extremely clean engine as well. Hybrid gas-electric buses will reduce emissions and energy consumption even further and should be next step in developing the ideal bus design. Hybrid gas-electric buses will reduce emissions and energy consumption even more, and should be next step in developing the ideal bus design. The overall aim of the project was to further improve the energy efficiency of biogas buses and contribute to construct more optimal buses available to customers with the most advanced environmental requirements. The performance weakness of gas buses compared to diesel has been that the gas engine has lower efficiency on varying load actuations. Hybrid technology with batteries and gas engine should improve the gas engine s energy efficiency. 2 Procurement When the possibility to fund an extension BBB project arouse, Hordaland County Council granted necessary funding for own costs in the project. The application was forwarded and was awarded Deadline of the project was set to Given so short project period, the procurement process started immediately after the county council s decision. 5

6 Skyss chose a Negotiated procedure above the EU Procurement Thresholds (FOA Part I and III). The contract notice was sent to the Doffin database and the Tender Electronic Daily ( as of the date The procurement process was conducted in accordance with the Norwegian Act for public procurement of 16th July 1999 no. 69 (LOA) and the Regulations for public procurement of 7th April 2006 no. 402 (FOA). The tendering procedure for this procurement was the negotiated procedure in accordance with FOA part I and III. This procedure allows all Suppliers who have been invited by the Buyer to submit a Tender. The Suppliers have been invited based on the requirements for participations set out in the Qualification Document. Only two suppliers were qualified, perhaps due to the fact that most engine manufacturers where occupied at the time to fulfill the Euro VI requirements on their diesel engines. Van Hool s Exqui.City bus offered by Trucknor AS fulfilled the criteria set in the tender, and was chosen after a negotiation period. Final agreement between Skyss and Trucknor AS was set in November Design criteria The design criteria are presented in the attached document Appendix 1 Buyer s requirements specification. Her it was called for a city bus low floor (EU class 1) and: The bus shall be compliant with the EURO 6 emission standard. The fuel system shall be powered with CNG/CBG in combination with an electric generator, a hybrid combination The buses will be used in diverse weather conditions in Norway, including cold winter days with ice and snow. Minimum practical operational distance between fuelling shall be 300 km. The bus should be fitted with auxiliary heater capacity, powered by CNG/CBG, to achieve the specified operating temperature before the bus set on schedule 6

7 2.2 Award Criteria AWARD CRITERIA DOCUMENTATION WEIGHT % Total costs The Supplier shall complete and submit: Total price and payment terms, see Part 2, Appendix 7. All prices are to be stated in NOK excl. VAT. 40 % Technical and functional solution The Supplier shall complete and submit the following: The Supplier s solution specification, see Part 2 Appendix 2, including a complete technical description of the bus. Description of testing and approval of the offered solution, see Part 2, Appendix 5 Testing and approval. 30 % Maintanance and service The Supplier complete and submit: 15 % Supplier s maintenance program and warranties, see part 2, Appendix 11. Supplier s repurchase agreement, see part 2, Appendix 12. Project and progress plan The Supplier complete and submit Appendix 4 Project and progress plan. 15 % Design criteria and award criteria are attached. 7

8 3 The Van Hool Exqui.City bus 3.1 Capacity, dimensions and weight Total length Total width Seats Standees Total passenger capacity Max total weight Total weight empty Turning radius outside Turning radius inside 23,820 m 2,550 m 55 persons + driver 97 persons driver kg kg 12,200 m 5,200 m 8

9 3.2 Engine (methane) Make: Power: Torque: MAN E0836 LOH-4, CNG Euro VI, vertical intercooler 206 KW (280 HP) at 2 200/min 1000Nm at /min 3.3 CNG-electric serial hybrid drive system Generator driven by the CNG engine. Make and type: Siemens 1FV5168-8wS24-Z(W01) Nominal Voltage: 650 V Nominal output: 180 KW at 3000/min Nominal torque: 850 Nm Weight: 180 kg Electric traction motors Make and type: Siemens PEM 1DB2022-WS 36 Nominal voltage 650 V Nominal torque: 2000 Nm Nominal output: 200 kw at 1500/min Weight: 480 kg Energy storage Lithium batteries mounted on the roof. Make and type: I+ME Actia, LTO 265s3p Nominal voltage: 610 V Peak power: 192 kw Energy content: 36 kwh Weight: 750 kg CNG/CBG tanks 5 high pressure gas tanks mounted on the roof. Make: Dynetek Capacity: 5x292 l = 1460 l Estimated range: km 9

10 3.4 General layout CNG tanks, batteries and air-conditioning are placed under a shield on the roof of the bus.the biogas engine situated in the rear runs on a constant, optimized speed of approximately rpm, which eliminates load variations and thus further increases the energy efficiency of the engine. Four doors give an easy and efficient access and departure while roof light and big windows, also in the back give an airy impression for the passengers. 10

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12 Figures and foto: Van Hool Van Hool, ExquiCity 24 at Mannsverk bus depot Foto: Hordaland County Council 12

13 4 Bus performance 4.1 Test line Line 2, a rather steep line with a lot of stops, was chosen for the test drive. Total distance 7200 metres No stops (incl terminals) 21 Average speed 23.4 km/h Estimated delay 0:01:54 Delay per km 0.26 min/km Average time in motion 0:18:27 Average time at stops 0:06:21 Total run time 0:24:48 13

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15 Due to a total length of about 24 meters, Skyss had to get a license from the Norwegian road authority to run the bus on line 2. Later Skyss decided to use the bus in traffic on a new route route 9 and had to apply for license for this route as well. All the measurements, however, are performed on the steep route 2. Three load situations has been tested: empty bus, half full and full bus. We have chosen not to use the theoretically full bus, which means 4,2 standees per square meter. A practice full bus is considered to be a bus with 2,4 standees per square meter. Since the Exqui.City bus is so unique it is not easy to evaluate how it perform compared to other buses. We have chosen to compare it to a brand new articulated CNG bus from MAN, equipped with a 228 KW MAN Euro VI engine. Both buses has been tested on the same route. For the measurements, mobile equipment has been bought, which enabled emission measurements while the bus was driving. The emission measurements were carried out in the raw exhaust and with the exception of THC (total hydro carbons), routed through a cooler. Table 1 shows a summary of the collected data and the used measurement equipment. Category Parameter Principle Equipment NOx CLD Emissions CO NDIR Horiba PG-350 (CO₂) NDIR THC HFID J.U.M. HFID λ Engine ZrO2 type Horiba Mexa-110λ (bef. TWC) data Intake air mass Pressure difference Merian Z50MCZ-4F Temperature Ambient data Humidity Testo 635 Pressure Nexus IW004 Other data Speed Distance Odometer Position Altitude GPS Table 1: Overview measurement equipment A student has done his master degree on this work. The report from Bergen University College is now finished. 15

16 Following conclusions may be drawn: Fuel consumption for the hybrid bus is reduced with more than 30% when you compare it with a conventional gas bus given the same weight. Due to a significant heavier hybrid bus, the reduction in fuel consumption is 15-20% per kilometer when same number of passengers are compared. NOx emissions are reduced and consists only of CO the less hazardous NOx. Here are some figures and a quote from a draft report: Measured CO2 - emissions in kg per kilometer for the two bus types 16

17 The curve at the top shows the NOx emissions for the serial hybrid while the one at the bottom represents the standard gas bus, both are plotted against driven distance between km 3 and 9. There is a significant difference between the two drive trains, with the serial hybrid showing a superior performance due to the optimised operation of the combustion without being exposed to transient behaviour and load changes. (Peter Edgar Koch, HiB) The emission of NO x was even not affected negatively of heavy loads as this curve indicates (NOx mg/km versus passengers) : 17

18 («Sammenligning av avgassutslippene fra en tradisjonell- og en hybrid drevet biogass-buss under drift på en gitt linje i Bergen», Associate professor Lars Magne Nerheim, Bergen University College) After a month on route 9, the passengers are very happy with the bus. It moves smoothly and quietly and the compartment is light and airy. Also the drivers are satisfied. They have their own compartment and are not disturbed by the passengers, in many ways as a light rail. The bus is also easier to maneuver than the conventional articulated buses. 18

19 5 Dissemination and public interest The extension stage of the BBB project has been met with enthusiasm and interest from the day the idea was presented to the County Council on the spring Since then, Skyss and HOG Energy has presented the project on several occasions, both on events arranged by the BBB partners and on other conferences and events. Choosing Van Hool s Exqui.City 24 boosted the public interest even more. The bus has been presented in local and regional newspapers as well as on national media. The landing of the bus 17. th of October in Bergen was even showed on Norwegian TV, both NRK and TV2. Professional publications have followed closely (Teknisk ukeblad, Gassforum, Våre veger). Project presentations at events and conferences: 1. October 2014, BBB event, Riga 7. November 2013 : Norsk Gassforum, Gardermoen 12.-December 2013: BBB event, Västerås 17. March 2014: BBB-event, Bergen 27. March 2014: Den Norske Gasskonferansen, Stavanger 8. September 2014, BBB event, Kaunas 4. November 2014, BBB event, Warzawa 5. November 2014, Norsk gassforum s gas bus seminar, Gardermoen 20. November 2014, BBB politicians ride, Bergen On the Norwegian Gas Conference in Oslo March this year professor Lars Magne Nerheim from Bergen University College will present results from their measurements on the hybrid bus in Bergen. Several delegations have already been on study trip to Bergen to have a ride on the bus. 19

20 6 Evaluation Exqui.City 24 is costly almost 1 mill Euro. On the other hand the bus holds a high quality in every aspect; the bus perform like a light rail when it comes to comfort and smooth travel. It can take more passengers than a conventional bus, and is using a climate neutral fuel which burns very clean when it comes to particles and NOx. These are assets difficult to evaluate economically. It should also be taken into account that Exqui.City 24 are expected to have a longer life than an ordinary bus. The main goal for this study was to develop a more energy efficient bus, and the numbers from the trial runs on line 2 indicates a substantial gain (more than 30%) in energy efficiency compared to the conventional articulated gas bus when they both have the same weight. This means that also the goal to create a more energy efficient and cleaner bus has been obtained in the project. It will be interesting to see how the market in the future will respond to this new bus design. 20

21 Appendix 1 Buyer s requirement specification 1 Purpose of the procurement Authorities in Norway, Europe and worldwide are in search for technologies that will help achieve ambitious climate and environmental targets. Low emissions vehicles are an important contribution to these targets considering high emissions quantities from road transportation. Skyss and HOG Energi started up a pilot project in 2013 that aims to demonstrate serial hybrid technology for gas buses in Hordaland, primarily in Bergen. The serial hybrid bus is equipped with an efficient gas engine that drives a generator that supplies electricity to a battery package as well as to the electric engine. The bus type that Skyss aims to test is a city bus with gas hybrid technology for use in one of the heaviest bus lines in Bergen. As part of the pilot project the chosen buses are going to be submitted through a testing program in order to measure energy efficiency and fuel consumption on summer and winter conditions, with focus on the performance of the serial hybrid system, how the gas and the electric engines perform together and how the range of the batteries perform, etc. Upon successful completion of the pilot project, Skyss aims to introduce buses with the above-mentioned technology in a larger scale on its bus routes in the region. The environmental aspects are of high importance for the region and the city, and this pilot project is a step towards zero emissions in the future. 2 The content and scope of the procurement Skyss plans to buy 3 serial hybrid buses as part of the pilot project. 3 Complete technical description In addition to filling out the table of requirements below, the Supplier shall provide a complete technical description of the offered buses. This should at least include, but not limited to, the following: For the Buyer: For the Supplier: Page 1 of 10

22 Appendix 1 Make of chassis and make of bodywork Names of the Suppliers for the main components of the bus Illustrative drawings of the bus arrangements Information about of gas tanks Maximum weight (tonnes) of the buses. Acceleration time and maximum speed Maximum motor output (in kw) Energy storage capacity in batteries and any capacitive storage (in kwh) Estimated and guaranteed lifetime for batteries 4 Table of requirements The requirements in the table of requirements form the basis for the Supplier s description of its solution specification in Appendix 2. When filling out the table of requirements the Supplier shall answer the requirements with confirmations / descriptions in the Comments column. If required, reference to relevant documentation, such drawings or manuals, shall also be made in Comments. Any missing documentation will result in the requirement being considered as not fulfilled. # Description 1 General requirements 1.1 The bus shall comply with the Directive 2001/85/EC, including annex 7 EU bus directive, and where relevant the Norwegian Forskrift om tekniske krav og godkjenning av kjøretøy, deler og utstyr. 1.2 The electrical components must comply with the EC Directive 2006/95/EC. For the Buyer: For the Supplier: Page 2 of 10

23 Appendix The bus shall be compliant with the EURO 6 emission standard. 1.4 The Buyer shall not infringe any patent, copyright, trademark law or other4 rights belonging to a third party by using the offered equipment. 1.5 The bus shall be a low floor bus (EU class 1). 2 Technical The buses will be used in diverse weather conditions in Norway, including cold winter days with ice and snow. 2.1 Supplier is asked to describe the technical solution for traction under winter operation. 2.2 The Buyer is interested in a bus that operates very silently. Supplier is asked to describe the noise levels during operation of the bus that may exceed the legal requirements. 2.3 The bus is planned to run on Line 2, see Annex 1 Line profile. Supplier is asked to describe how the bus will handle this profile. 2.4 The fuel system shall be powered with CNG/CBG in combination with an electric generator, a hybrid combination. Supplier is asked to describe the technical solution. For the Buyer: For the Supplier: Page 3 of 10

24 Appendix Minimum practical operational distance between fuelling shall be 300 km. Supplier is asked to specify estimated operational distance for the line profile in Annex The bus shall have a Nato Connector. 2.7 The bus should be fitted with auxiliary heater capacity, powered by CNG/CBG, to achieve the specified operating temperature before the bus set on schedule. 3 Boarding, alighting and adaption for disable people 3.1 Embarking and disembarking should be possible through all doors. It shall be possible to enter the bus through the front door in level from a platform. 3.2 Embarking and disembarking with wheel chair shall be possible. Supplier is asked to confirm, and describe solution. 3.3 The bus should have a kneeling system and have a raise function. For the Buyer: For the Supplier: Page 4 of 10

25 Appendix It should not be possible to start the bus before all doors are closed, and it shall not be possible to open the doors before the bus has come to a stop. 3.5 It should be possible to close all doors from the driver s position. Supplier is asked to describe solution. It should be possible to open all the back doors from the outside. Supplier is asked to describe solution. 4 Furnishing and fittings 4.1 In the bus there should be room for at least two prams or one wheel chair. In connection to the area there shall be a solution for securing the pram or wheel chair. Supplier is asked to describe solution. 4.2 The bus should have as many seats as possible facing in the running direction. Supplier is asked to describe the technical solution regarding seating arrangements/layout in the bus. 4.3 The driver's seat shall have 3 points seat belt. 5 Heating and ventilation air conditioning For the Buyer: For the Supplier: Page 5 of 10

26 Appendix The bus shall have a heating and ventilation system that is adjusted for the Norwegian climate, and the bus should have a stable and comfortable temperature. Temperatures are to be set to the 22 degrees during the period 15 th of April to 1 st of October, and 18 degrees the rest of the year. 5.2 Fresh air system and air conditioning system shall ensure that there is always fresh air in the bus, also when bus has full occupancy. Both cold and heated air for the passengers shall be taken from the ceiling height, and be distributed evenly without the causing unpleasant drafts. The air filters should be with pollen and particle limiting filters. Supplier is asked to describe the technical solution. 5.3 The bus shall be equipped with automatic air-conditioning system, and driver shall not be able to override the system. Buses with automatic climate control shall not be fitted with openable windows. 5.4 There should be separate climate zones for the driver. Supplier is asked to describe the solution. 6 Information systems and equipment 6.1 All buses should have electronic full matrix signs for destination and route number. The sign shall not be an obstacle for passengers in the bus looking out of the window. Route numbers and destination shall be on front, right, and only number in the rear. For the Buyer: For the Supplier: Page 6 of 10

27 Appendix 1 As a standby solution, it must be possible to control the signs manually. Supplier is asked to describe the solution. 6.2 The bus should be prepared for giving next stop information through an extended passenger information system. Supplier is asked to describe the solution. 6.3 There should be a microphone in the driving position, and sufficient loudspeakers in the bus for public announcements from the driver ensuring: Clear reproduction of messages from the driver Suitable sound level for entire passenger area Speakers should be prepared to work together with the extended passenger information system The radio shall be dimmed when the microphone is used. 6.4 There should be loudspeakers on the outside in connection with the doors for use in bus stop areas. The driver should be able to shift between interior, exterior and all speakers when using the microphone. 6.5 There should be one flag holder at each corner on the front of the bus. For the Buyer: For the Supplier: Page 7 of 10

28 Appendix There should be room for one card reader machine at each door in the bus. The card reading machines shall be placed in a way that passengers can board fast. Supplier is asked to describe the solution. 6.7 The bus should be prepared for mounting a fixed, mobile phone. Supplier is asked to describe the solution. 6.8 The bus will be painted according to the Skyss design program, and the paint job includes the front, sides, back and roof. Please see Annex 2 Design profile for an overview of the current design and colour palette. Final design, both interior and exterior, will be approved by the Buyer before the buses are put into production. Supplier is asked to confirm 6.9 The bus should have space for information/advertisement in the form of posters, bulletins etc It is greatly preferred that Norwegian is used as the language for the driver s instrument panel. Supplier is asked to describe the solution Updates and new versions of software and operating system should be free of charge during the lifetime of the equipment in terms of bugs, security updates etc. For the Buyer: For the Supplier: Page 8 of 10

29 Appendix Software for system diagnostics should be available. Software support shall be free of charge The Buyer is interested in monitoring the performance of the bus. Supplier is asked to describe systems for monitoring / analysing operational data that are available. 7 Safety and monitoring 7.1 All steps inside the bus and floor edges of doors shall be marked contrast colour. 7.2 All buses shall be equipped with automatic fire extinguishing equipment that at least covers engine and auxiliary heater. Supplier is asked to describe the solution. 7.3 All buses should be fitted with equipment for complete surveillance of the entire passenger area. Supplier is asked to describe the solution. 7.4 There should be mounted a camera that covers step-by door 2, and in addition other backdoors for longer buses. Camera must be connected with a monitor at the driver's place. For the Buyer: For the Supplier: Page 9 of 10

30 Appendix The bus shall be equipped with a rear view camera that makes it possible from the driver's seat to see the area behind the bus when reversing. The rear view camera automatically switches on when the bus is put in reverse. 7.6 The bus should have lighting that covers the area outside the bus backdoors. The light comes on when the doors opens and off 3 seconds after the doors are closed. For the Buyer: For the Supplier: Page 10 of 10