A next-generation smart grid without energy storage is like a computer without a hard drive: severely limited. - Katie Fehrenbacher, gigaom.

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1 A next-generation smart grid without energy storage is like a computer without a hard drive: severely limited. - Katie Fehrenbacher, gigaom.com

2 9-15 November 2018

3 Global Storage Market to Double Six Times by 2030 Bloomberg, November 20, 2017

4 Energy Storage is a $620 Billion Investment Opportunity to 2040 Bloomberg, November 20, 2018

5 Coal to shrink to just 11% of global electricity generation by mid-century, from 38% now Bloomberg, June 19, 2018

6 Energy Storage Technologies Pumped Hydro Solid State Batteries Flow Batteries Compressed Air & H 2 Thermal (TES) Flywheels

7 Pumped Hydro SA Large Storage Systems in GW range: Drakensberg 1GW (Average production: 2GWh) Ingula 1,3GW (Max storage capacity: 21 GWh) Smaller: Steenbras - 180MW x 15,5hr (CoCT) Palmiet - 400MW (Eskom)

8 Palmiet: Plant can provide valuable energy during peak periods of demand while using the excess cheaper energy available at night to pump water for storage. Has the capability to start, stop and vary its power output very quickly compared to other power plants, another essential capability for balancing the power grid. Can assist in balancing the frequency and voltage on the grid. Adds significant benefit in balancing the variable energy generated from the increasing amount of renewable energy sources being connected to the grid. It could for example store excess solar energy generated during the day and provide energy during peak demand after the sun sets. - From UCT student visit 2015

9 Solid State Batteries NaS Ni-Cd Li-Ion Super-Capacitor

10 Lithium-ion Positives High energy density Higher cell voltage Economies of scale Tesla Hype Versatile Intensive research to resolve issues Negatives Danger of overheating and fire Limited lifetime Performance degradation Use scarce materials Contains toxic elements, e.g. Cobalt

11 Lithium-ion the Boeing story The entire 787 Dreamliner fleet was grounded for over six months in 2012/2013 due to smoke and fires breaking out in the lithium battery pack, which is at the core of the electrical-power system in the aircraft (lithium was chosen, of course, to save precious weight and space).

12 Lithium-ion & Cobalt Cobalt the Blood Diamond of Lithium Batteries Elon Musk wants cobalt out of his batteries here s why that s a challenge. Everyone wants to cut out cobalt, but doing so creates performance and safety problems. theverge.com

13 Super-capacitors Energy density of Wh/kg Very high power density Projected calendar life of 45 years Cycle life of 1,000,000 cycles High charge / discharge capability Wide operating temperature range (-30 to 85⁰C) No performance degradation DC to DC round-trip efficiency : 99% Safe: Non-toxic & no risk of thermal runaway Fast charging : Std. 1,7C = 35 min

14 Super-capacitors - Applications Cell towers already in service in SA Residential storage Industrial excellent to handle peak loads & time-of-use tariffs Behind-the-meter applications Off-grid / micro-grid applications Electric vehicles, including cycles Re-generative braking (Trucks, trains & hoists) Can Upscale & Downscale (even to AA format) UPS (e.g. hospitals, data centres) EV charging stations

15 EV Charging stations in UK

16 South Africa making a start GridCars & Jaguar Jaguar's R30-million electric car 'Powerway' for SA: Plans for 82 public charging stations by end Nov Wheels Nissan & BMW also active

17 Super-capacitors The future? Energy density 180 Wh/kg Charged in seconds Superdielectrics Ltd has developed a supercapacitor material that can store "remarkable amounts of electricity, far beyond what we've seen before," according to its CEO Jim Heathcote. It's cheap to produce, uses no rare elements, and because it's mostly water, it can't catch on fire like traditional batteries. The discovery happened almost by accident, says Highgate, who is now director of research at the company. (see supercapacitormaterials.com) - wired.co.uk

18 Flow Batteries Iron- Cromium Zinc-Bromide Vanadium Redox (VRB) Iron Flow (IFB)

19 Iron Flow Battery

20 Iron Flow Battery - Features Very low Levelised Cost of Storage $0.06/kWh over 25 years 1 cycle /day Long Life (25 years) Excellent for long-duration storage No performance degradation Minimal O&M Low-cost, non-toxic, non-corrosive chemistry No cooling required up to 50⁰C ambient temp. SAFE

21 Iron Flow Battery - Applications Military Microgrids (reduce vulnerable fuel deliveries, no heat or sound footprint) US Army, Afghanistan Agriculture & Industry Microgrids for remote communities Where energy density is not critical and low O&M is critical. Complete module is shipped with built-in control system, then filled with potable water and connected to solar or other source.

22 Iron Flow Battery - Applications A 50kW / 400kWh test unit will be deployed and integrated with 100kW of PV, allowing for several hours of energy storage and self-consumption of onsite generated electricity. The facility, in the state of Goiás, Brazil, will reduce or eliminate diesel use at a commercial site during peak demand periods.

23 Hydrogen + Fuel Cell 1000km range Works for seasonal energy storage on remote islands with extreme weather conditions EV applications explored through Toyota Mirai, Honda Clarity & Hyundai Nexo 6500 H 2 cars sold since 2013 Requires H 2 infrastructure Believed to be not so clean.

24 Thermal Energy Storage Crushed rock Molten Salt (CSP) EnergyNest (Concrete)

25 Thermal Energy Storage - Molten Salt Molten salt is stored at 566⁰C until electricity is needed day or night, whether or not the sun is shining Complex to commission and operate. Molten salt freezes at 240⁰C. Risky business! Large investment in CSP technology.

26 Thermal Energy Storage - EnergyNest

27 Thermal Energy Storage - Applications Steam Power Plants (integrated with steam cycle) Balancing the load Frequency Regulation Case study: EnergyNest is developing a 55 MWh th Thermal Battery project with a steamcycle power plant built in the 1980 s. The retrofitting is designed to divert steam away during low-power price events, and reintroduce the steam during high-price events, enabling for a larger steam flow through the turbine, increasing its output by 4.5 MW el for up to four hours.

28 Thermal Energy Storage - Applications Open Cycle Power Plants Recovering heat energy lost to the atmosphere for re-use as heat or electricity

29 Thermal Energy Storage Low LCOS Long life expectancy Excellent Roundtrip efficiency Low technology construction Can scale to 100 s of MegaWatts Well-tested and certified

30 Thermal Energy Storage - EnergyNest Storing energy at lowest cost Making energy flexible, dispatchable for suppliers & manageable for demand side Increasing energy efficiency of power plants & energy-intensive industries

31 Thermal Energy Storage - EnergyNest EnergyNest offers a thermal battery that is perfectly tailored for parabolic trough plants and direct steam tower plants. Its performance has been validated by DNV GL and comes at a much lower CAPEX and OPEX compared with molten salt systems. This will make CSP costcompetitive with other renewable sources.

32 A next-generation smart grid without energy storage is like a computer without a hard drive: severely limited. - Katie Fehrenbacher, GigaOm

33 Africa Energy Storage Solutions is focused on providing appropriate energy storage solutions into Africa. These include proven Thermal Energy Storage (TES) and Flow Battery technologies, while also exploring other storage technologies such as supercapacitors. We are available to work with potential clients to explore how our storage systems may be integrated into an optimal and cost-effective solution to suit their needs. Appropriate energy storage for: Micro/Mini-grid Off-grid, including hybrid applications Medium to large (MWh) storage Balancing of grids Harvesting and re-use of wasted heat energy