To Shift or not to Shift?

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1 To Shift or not to Shift? An Energy Storage Analysis from Hawaii May 8, 2018 Tenerife, Spain Imagination at work

2 GE s Grid Integration Experience in Hawaii Evaluation of Sustainable Energy Options for the Big Island Oahu Wind Integration and Transmission Study (OWITS) Oahu-Maui Interconnection Study (Stage 2) Oahu Distributed PV Grid Stability Study Maui Wind Integration Study Hawaii Solar Integration Study (HSIS) Hawaii RPS Study Hawaii Essential Reliability Services st hnei.hawaii.edu/projects#gi 2

3 Study Objectives & Limitations Limiting the scope of the analysis due to uncertainty in key inputs and assumptions In-Scope Understand and illustrate BESS utilization patterns for reserves and energy shifting, Identify type of battery configuration (power:energy ratio) that is most beneficial on Oahu, Quantify a comparative review of annual costs and benefits associated with different configurations, Evaluate impact of utilization on BESS degradation and comparative economics Out-of-Scope Accounting for sub-10 minute cycling or SoC when used for regulation, Exact project specific cost of capital assumption for BESS technology, using assumptions for relative comparison, Precision on degradation impact of cell lifetime, looking for representative and relative costs only, 3

4 Storage Utilization Shifting & Reserves Battery storage primary use cases considered: Energy shifting: hours time-frame Reserves: minutes time-frame Regulation Contingency 4

5 Grid-Scale Energy Storage Evaluate different configurations of energy storage (power:energy ratios) on system economics and stability Considering energy shifting, ramp rate support, regulation and contingency reserves, etc. Calculate both economic benefits (production cost savings) and capital costs to determine the net benefits and/or break-even costs of storage. Determine appropriate sizing, from a MWh and inverter rating perspective Assumptions: Develop P:E Matrix Estimate CapEx Production Cost Simulations Quantify Benefits Compare Net Benefits Grid operator has control over the storage asset Assumes take-or-pay (fixed cost) for wind and solar, absorbing curtailment is direct savings Storage can be utilized for both arbitrage and reserves (when charging, idle with SoC, or discharging below max) 90% round-trip efficiency Not evaluating voltage support, transmission/distribution services, or capacity value Power (MW) Energy (MWh) Storage (Hrs)

6 Storage Operations GE Energy Consulting April, 2017 Proprietary Data & Preliminary Results Do Not Distribute 6

7 Storage Utilization (example week) 1, MW-2HR Battery Week 5 1,200 1,000 MW Delivered Generation Battery Gen. Battery Charge Battery SoC LOAD Energy Curtailed (MW) Storage absorbs excess curtailed energy mid-day, for use in early evening peaks This pattern is seen consistently throughout the year 7

8 State of Charge Profile 200MW-2HR Battery Week Battery Charge, Discharge, and State of Charge MW & MWH 400 Charging Generating Day of Week - Hour of Day Generation (MWh) Charging (MWh) SoC (MWh) State of Charge represents how much is in the tank. Raises when charging, falls when generating Typically peaks towards end of afternoon after absorbing excess curtailed renewable energy 8

9 Storage State of Charge (SoC) Duration Curves Within each power class, the units with higher energy ratings spend more time at a lower SoC With additional energy, units can be held back less, while still providing reserves (solid lines) Units with less energy spend more time fully charged for reserve provision (dashed lines) 9

10 Weekly Dispatch Impact of Storage System Generation (MW) 1,400 1,200 1, Base Case (Week 5) Higher KAHE Gen. More Peaker Use DDOAHU Generation SOLAR WIND PEAKING WAIAU 3-6 WAIAU 7/8 KAHE KALAELOA AES HPOWER System Generation (MW) 1,400 1,200 1, MW-2HR BESS (Week 5) Battery Gen. DDOAHU Generation SOLAR WIND PEAKING WAIAU 3-6 WAIAU 7/8 KAHE KALAELOA AES HPOWER 10

11 MW Weekly Commitment Impact of Storage 1,400 1,200 1, Base Case (Week 5) ~600MW MW 1,400 1,200 1, Thermal Dispatch Renewable Gen. Thermal Commitment LOAD 200MW-2HR BESS (Week 5) Thermal Dispatch Renewable Gen. Battery Gen. Thermal Commitment LOAD ~400MW 11

12 Scenarios Evaluated TABLE I. OVERVIEW OF FUTURE GRID SCENARIO ASSUMPTIONS Current Power System 50% Wind and Solar System Peak Load (MW) 1,225 1,225 Annual Energy (GWh) 7,734 8,450 Electric Vehicles (GWh) Wind & Solar Capacity (MW) Utility-Scale Wind Utility-Scale Solar Distributed PV Available W&S (GWh) Available W&S (% of Load) 20% 50% 12

13 Change in Generation by Type with Storage 400 MWH 200 MWH 100 MWH 50 MWH 25 MWH Decreased Generation (BESS discharge) Increased Generation (BESS charge) 13

14 Economic Benefits of Storage Production Cost Savings by BESS Configuration 20% Wind & Solar System Operating Cost by Battery Configuration 50% Wind & Solar System Operating Cost by Battery Configuration Total Generation Cost ($000) 565, , , , , , , , , ,156 (7,100) (7,000) 13,000 (17,200) (21,400) 0Hr 0.5Hr 2Hr 1Hr 0.5Hr 2Hr Total Generation Cost ($000) 460, , , , , , , ,200 (8,900) (9,500) (16,300) (16,500) (18,200) (21,300) (27,300) (33,000) (40,900) (48,800) (55,200) 0Hr 0.5Hr 2Hr 0.5Hr 1Hr 2Hr 4Hr 0.5Hr 2Hr 0.5Hr 1Hr 2Hr (64,600) 4Hr Base 50MW 100MW 200MW Battery Power Rating & Hours at Max Base 25MW 50MW 100MW 200MW Battery Power Rating & Hours at Max Production cost savings due to decreased curtailment, less thermal unit commitment, and increased generation from lower cost thermal resources (assumes take-or-pay W&S) Savings increase with larger power rating, and to a lesser extent larger energy rating 14

15 Energy Shifting Compared with Reserves PRODUCTION COST SAVINGS BY BESS USE CASE Power Rating Energy (MWh) BESS Use Case Annual Production Cost (k$) Annual Savings (k$) Base Case N/A N/A 451, MW 25 MWh Reserves 434,706 16, MW 200 MWh Energy Shifting 436,151 15, MW 200 MWh Combined 429,949 21, MW 100 MWh Reserves 409,224 41, MW 400 MWh Energy Shifting 411,614 39, MW 400 MWh Combined 383,646 67,576 15

16 Key Findings Preliminary analysis and current assumptions, suggest that: Storage can be co-optimized to provide both reserves and arbitrage Charging mostly takes place during mid-day hours, discharge during evening peak Energy storage will increase generation from wind and solar (decreased curtailment) along with more efficient and lower cost thermal resources (Kalaeloa CC, AES) Increasing power rating (inverters) is less expensive than increasing energy rating (lithium-ion cells) Economic cost-benefit analysis favors high-power, low-energy ratio storage configurations These Oahu-specific findings may be applicable to other island power systems 16

17 Thank You Matthew Richwine GE Energy Consulting GE Energy Consulting April, 2017 Proprietary Data & Preliminary Results Do Not Distribute 17

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