Beyond the Headlines. An overview of Li-ion in Energy Storage

Transcription

1 Beyond the Headlines An overview of Li-ion in Energy Storage

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3 Contents Why Lithium-Ion? Chemistry generations Challenges when Scaling Up Safety Thermal Management

4 Why Li-ion?

5 Perfect Energy Storage System Cost Operating Lifespan Footprint

6 Why Li-ion? Cost 500 Battery cell costs (US$ / kwh) Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance Ampd Energy Limited 2014: Huge investments in China on gigafactories for Li-ion production for domestic EV sector

7 Why Li-ion? Operating life 6,000 Cycle life (number of cycles) 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 '1st gen' '2nd gen' '3rd gen' '4th gen' '5th gen'?

8 Why Li-ion? Footprint 1400 Volumetric power density (W / L) Aqueous Hybrid Ion Li-ion 200 Lead acid 0 NiCad Volumetric energy density (Wh / L)

9 Why Li-ion? Footprint Ultracapacitors work great as capacitors, not so much as energy storage devices Volumetric power density (W / L) Ultracapacitor Aqueous Hybrid Ion Lead acid NiCad Volumetric energy density (Wh / L) Li-ion

10 Chemistry Generations

11 Chemistry 1st gen 2nd gen 3rd gen 4th gen Lithium Cobalt Oxide Lithium Iron Phosphate Lithium-NCM Lithium-NCA Lithium Titanate

12 Chemistry "1st gen" "2nd gen" "3rd gen" "4th gen" Lithium cobalt oxide Lithium iron phosphate Lithium-NCM Lithium-NCA Lithium titanate Availability Cost effectiveness Energy density Power density Thermal stability Operating lifespan Future cost reductions

13 Challenges with Scaling Up

14 Safety Probability Lithium-ion failure % Lead-acid battery explosion % Struck by lightning % 400x 8x Samsung Galaxy Note 7 explosion % 1 Dahn, J.; Erlich, G. M. (2011). Lithium Ion Batteries. Reddy, T. B., ed. Linden s Handbook of Batteries, 4 th edition. McGraw Hill, 2011, ISBN ; pp NHTSA Research Note (1997). Injuries Associated With Hazards Involving Motor Vehicle Batteries, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 3 How Dangerous is Lightning?, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce 4 Lee, Y. (2016). Samsung Galaxy Note 7 troubles, by the numbers, Associated Press

15 Safety Lead-acid battery i.e. car battery fires & explosions

16 Safety Leading to fires of conventional, gasoline vehicles

17 Safety Can be enhanced with system level technologies i.e. outside the battery cell Probability Lithium-ion failure % Lead-acid battery explosion % Struck by lightning % Samsung Galaxy Note 7 explosion %

18 Safety: Cell-level fusing A123 Connection tab fuse pattern Tesla Wire bond fuse Ampd Embedded microfuse traces Different manufacturers, different solutions due to different supply chains and manufacturing setups

19 Safety: Standards 10 Wh 100 Wh 1 kwh >10 kwh Battery cell: UL1642 UL 2054 IEC Battery pack: UL 1973 IEEE 1625 Energy storage system: UL 9540 IEEE Transportation: UN 38.3

20 Thermal Management Amine, K., Liu, J., Belharouak, I., Electrochemistry Communications 7 (2005), Battery Pack Design, Validation and Assembly Guide using A123 Systems AMP20M1HD-A Nanophosphate Cells, A123 Systems, LLC (2014) Ramadass, P., et. al., Journal of Power Sources 112 (2002), Broussely, M., et. al., Journal of Power Sources 146 (2005), 90-96

21 Thermal Management Why? Desirable to keep temperatures < 55 C. Significant, indisputable body of literature showing lithium-ion batteries age quickly at higher temperatures. Nothing to do with safety even the most thermally unstable lithium-ion chemistries only break-down at ~130 C.

22 Thermal Management LG Chem, BMW Direct Expansion Ampd Solid-state Cooling Tesla Liquid Cooling Volkswagen, Toyota, Kia Forced Convection No best option. Each solution is optimal for different applications, performance requirements and cost points.

23 Thermal Management Max. temp.: ~70 C Max. temp.: ~55 C No internal cooling Solid-state cooling Solid-state cooling technology: an effective cooling method, even in worst-case-scenario conditions, with no moving parts, and incredibly competitive economics

24 In Summary Lithium-ion will continue to dominate near term energy storage installations Multiple chemistry generations; third- and fourthgeneration chemistries perfect for energy storage Challenges when scaling up lithium-ion battery systems

25 How to reach us 2016 Ampd Energy Limited All rights are reserved. Ampd reserves the right to make changes in specifications and/or to discontinue any product at any time without notice or obligation and will not be liable for any consequences resulting from the use of this publication.