Presentation by Chennai Aleydinova Ristemova 8 class

Transcription

1 Presentation by Chennai Aleydinova Ristemova 8 class

2 London Underground

3 The London Underground (also known as the Tube or simply the Underground) is a public metro system serving a large part of Greater London and parts of the counties of Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire and Essex. The system serves 270 stations and has 402 kilometres (250 mi) of track, 55 per cent of which is above ground.

4 The network incorporates the world's first underground railway, the Metropolitan Railway, which opened in 1863 and is now part of the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines; and the first line to operate underground electric traction trains, the City & South London Railway in 1890, now part of the Northern line. The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2012/13 carried over 1 billion passengers.

5 The system's first tunnels were built just below the surface using the cut and cover method. Later, circular tunnels which give rise to its nickname the Tube were dug through the London Clay at a deeper level. The early lines were marketed as the UNDERGROUND in the early 20th century on maps and signs at central London stations.

6 The private companies that owned and ran the railways were merged in 1933 to form the London Passenger Transport Board. The current operator London Underground Limited (LUL) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London (TfL), the statutory corporation responsible for most elements of the transport network in Greater London.

7 As of 2012, 91 per cent of operational expenditure is covered by passenger fares. The Travelcard ticket was introduced in 1983 and Oyster, an electronic ticketing system, in Today in official publicity and in general, the term 'Tube' embraces the whole Underground system, not just the lines that run in deep-level tunnels.

8 The schematic Tube map, designed by Harry Beck in 1931, was voted a national design icon in 2006 and now includes other lines - the Docklands Light Railway and London Overground - as well as the non-rail Emirates Air Line. London Underground celebrated 150 years of operations in 2013, with various events marking the milestone.

9 subway

10 Subway is the first and only metro in Bulgaria. Was put into operation on January 28, 1998 has a total length of 31 km with 27 stations on August 31, 2012 to th biggest in the European ranking of metro subway after Amsterdam and before the subway in Budapest.

11 Metro is a national object, which means that its construction was financed from the municipal and the national budget, but also from European funds.

12 Initial studies and plans for the construction of underground transport in the capital were made in the late 1960s. In 1972 the Council of Ministers approves Feasibility Report, and in 1973 created the specialized design organization "Metroproekt." In 1974

13 based on feasibility report to the Executive Committee of the Metropolitan National Council adopted General Scheme for development of metro lines under which metromrezhata will consist of three metro diameters with total latitude 52 km, 47 stations, and average distance between them 1100 m.

14 The lines intersect at the central part in the form of a triangle with vertices: pl "St. Sunday ", Sofia University" St. Kliment Ohridski ", National Palace of Culture.

15 Under the original General Scheme, after today's railway "Sofia" track at the Metro should continue Blvd "Dundukov", then Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski "- a" Tsarigradsko road "(then Boulevard" Lenin "). Climate track it in 1993.

16 The maximum permissible speed of the rolling stock is 90 km / h, the maximum carriage capacity - 50 thousand passengers per hour in one direction, and the minimum interval of transport equipment Chambers - 90 seconds, track mm, power rolling stock is constant current at a nominal voltage of 825 V through a contact rail.

17 In 1975, by order of the Council of Ministers State economic "Hydrostroy" is defined as the main contractor on the subway. Within the enterprise has created a specialized construction organization "Metrostroy", which in the 1980s became an independent company. In 1989, "Metrostroy" was transformed into a municipal company and existed until 1999, when he declared in liquidation due to financial distress.

18 By order of the Council of Ministers in 1975 created the "Metropolitan" at the Sofia Municipality, which financed the construction of the facility, equipment supplies, prepare and implement operation (now the municipal company "Metropolitan" EAD). Since 1990 the company "Metroproekt" is transformed into a municipal company ("Metroproekt" Ltd.), privatized in 2000.

19