Hydrogen powered vehicles Review of environmental type-approval legislation ENTR/05/18. Dr. Manfred Klell, TU Graz / HyCentA April 14 th, 2010

Transcription

1 Hydrogen powered vehicles Review of environmental type-approval legislation ENTR/05/18 Dr. Manfred Klell, TU Graz / HyCentA April 14 th, 2010

2 Contents Introduction Presentation of interim report Presentation of questionnaire Conclusion 2

3 Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics Head: Prof. Helmut Eichlseder Technical Facilities: 10 engine test benches a transient test bench for heavy duty engines chassis dynamometers for trucks (38t, 350KW) passenger cars and two-wheelers a mobile CVS system a friction test bench an injection pump test bench a flow test bench, a CVT test bench, an acoustic box, a 3-axis measuring machine 3

4 Hydrogen Center Austria (HyCentA) First Austrian research center for hydrogen with testing and dispensing facilities for LH2 and CGH2, opened October

5 Multi-fuel vehicle HYCAR1 First Austrian multi-fuel vehicle for operation with petrol, natural gas/biomethane, hydrogen, and variable mixtures H2CH4 (see SAE paper ) 5

6 Multi-fuel vehicle HYCAR1 operation with gasoline, natural gas/biomethane, hydrogen, and variable mixtures of H2 and CH4 (see SAE paper ) Gassystem on the basis of Regulation (EC) No 79/2009, type-approval October 2009 For highest system safety: Development of electronic gas security system (ELGASS) 6

7 Mitsubishi Evolution IX H2 Bi-fuel vehicle for petrol and hydrogen 7

8 Presentation of interim report Tasks and Objectives WP01: Review of type-approval directives and regulations WP02: Data and information gathering WP03: Proposal of amendments to the existing regulations Obtained results WP01: Review of type-approval directives and regulations WP02: Data and information gathering (questionnaire) Remaining work Remaining work for WP01, WP02, WP03 8

9 Tasks and Objectives WP01: Review of Regulations Council Directive 80/1268/EEC of 16 December 1980 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the fuel consumption of motor vehicles Council Directive 80/1269/EEC of 16 December 1980 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the engine power of motor vehicles Directive 2005/64/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2005 on the typeapproval of motor vehicles with regard to their reusability, recyclability and recoverability and amending Council Directive 70/156/EEC Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2007 on type approval of motor vehicles with respect to emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information Commission Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 of 18 July 2008 implementing and amending Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council on type-approval of motor vehicles with respect to emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information Regulation (EC) No 595/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 June 2009 on typeapproval of motor vehicles and engines with respect to emissions from heavy duty vehicles (Euro VI) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information and amending Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 and Directive 2007/46/EC and repealing Directives 80/1269/EEC, 2005/55/EC and 2005/78/EC For the review the discussion on the hydrogen vehicle GTR should be taken into account 9

10 Tasks and Objectives WP02 and WP03 WP02: Data gathering based on suggestions for amendments from WP01: Development of questionnaire to collect stakeholders opinions and views Evaluation of data and information from the parties involved WP03: Proposal of amendments Discussion of the results of WP01 and WP02 within consortium Preparation of a proposal for amendments 10

11 Tasks and Objectives Project management and timetable month -> WP01 WP02 WP03 Review of regulations Data and information gathering Proposal of amendments Reporting interim report final report TNO Automotive Henk Dekker - general project management TUG, HyCentA Manfred Klell, Stefan Hausberger, Markus Sartory - technical project leader, experience with hydrogen fuelled ICE engines & vehicles BASt Bernd Bugsel, Jost Gail, Hans Holdik - leader of WP02 - support in WP03 TÜV Nord Helge Schmidt - support in WP03 EMPA Christian Bach - support in WP03 LAT Zissis Samaras - support in WP03 11

12 WP01: Review of Regulations Extensions to Proposal and Service Request: not only environmental aspects, but also general remarks relevant for type-approval of hydrogen vehicles are reviewed consideration of vehicles for hydrogen/natural gas mixtures (H2NG) consideration of the most important referenced directives or regulations Referenced documents: council Directive 70/220/EEC: measures to be taken against air pollution by gases from positive-ignition engines of motor vehicles directive 2007/46/EC: framework directive for the approval of motor vehicles and their trailers, and of systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles directive 2000/53/EC on end-of life vehicles 12

13 : SUMMARY 80/1268/EC (fuel consumption) CO2 emissions CO2e(quivalent) emissions to include other greenhouse gases Fuel consumption energy consumption, method of its determination l/100 km, kg/100 km MJ/km, kwh/km 80/1269/EC (engine power) engine power unit / power plant, equipment for determination 2005/64/EC (reusability) include list of components 715/2007, 692/2008, 595/2009 (emissions) FC: no emissions, ICE: NOx emissions CO2 emissions CO2e(quivalent) emissions C-based calculation methods not applicable Mixtures H2NG, reference fuels 13

14 WP01: 80/1268/EC (fuel consumption) CO2e emissions (Publication: Official Journal of the European Union) Communication on the application and future development of Community legislation concerning vehicle emisions from light-duty vehicles and access to repair and maintenance information (Euro 5 and 6); (2008/C 182/08) CO2 emissions calculation covering all greenhouse gases: 13. Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 foresees that the Commission considers reviewing the approach to calculating CO2 emissions from vehicles to include other greenhouse gases such as methane emissions. Such a change is likely to have a very small impact on the emissions figures for most petrol and diesel vehicles, though could be a little more significant for gas vehicles. Due to the small number of vehicles covered, such a change may not be of the highest priority at this stage. The Commission may therefore review whether an approach based on a wider range of greenhouse gases is desirable. 14

15 WP01: 80/1268/EC (fuel consumption) CO2 emissions CO2 emissions of hydrogen vehicles H2-FCV: no CO2 emissions H2-ICE: CO2 emissions are negligible H2NG-ICE: CO2 emissions from CH4 contents CO2 emissions CO2e(quivalent) emissions including all greenhouse gases listed by IPCC with their global warming potential Methane CH4: factor 21 (1 g CH4 has same effect as 21 g CO2) Nitrous oxide N2O: factor 310 hydrofluorocarbons HFCs, perfluorocarbons PFCs, sulphur hexafluoride SF6, factors 6000 to H2 is suspected to be an indirect GHG H2 emissions occur with all ICE-vehicles at cold start Experimental investigations (measurements) for the quantification of relevant GHG-emissions of all type of vehicles are proposed Well to Wheel consideration for all fuels is an issue for further discussion (Well to tank / Tank to wheel) 15

16 WP01: 80/1268/EC (fuel consumption) CO2e emissions: N2O (factor 310) (Source: Winner, A. M., Behrentz, E.; Estimates of nitrous oxide emissions from motor vehicles and the effects catalyst composition and aging, 2005 Average: 20 mg N2O/km 6.2 g CO2e/km 16

17 WP01: 80/1268/EC (fuel consumption) H2 emissions (Source: Wokaun, A.; Transition to Hydrogen Based Transportation Challenges and Opportunities, CCEM Annual Activity Report, Competence Center Energy and Mobility CCEM, Paul Scherer Institute, Villigen, 2009) Hydrogen is considered to be an indirect GHG, causing CH4 to remain longer in the atmosphere Cumulative hydrogen emissions (in mg) for vehicles fueled with diesel, petrol, natural gas and 2- wheelers: Hydrogen emissions occur with all ICE-vehicles during start up and cold start 17

18 WP01: 80/1268/EC (fuel consumption) Fuel consumption to enhance comparability of fuel consumption of different propulsion systems for consumers fuel consumption energy consumption l/100km, kg/100km kwh/km and/or MJ/km draft for calculation of energy consumption for vehicles using gaseous storage for H2 and H2NG mixtures on basis of real gas equation is proposed carbon balance (not for H2) water balance weight mass flow pvt method (gases only) electric current (FC only) vehicles using liquid H2-storage: determination of fuel consumption is more complex 18

19 WP01: 80/1268/EC (fuel consumption) Determination of energy consumption for GH2- and H2NG - storage systems: 1 p 1 p 2 1 V 1 FC kg = / Z 2 T2 Z1 T 1 R d [ kg km] Have to be measured (sensors are part of the fuel system) [ MJ km] FCMJ = FCkg H u / with 1 FCkWh = FCMJ / 3.6 [ kwh km] Tank valve for gaseous hydrogen storage system with integrated pressure and temperature sensor FC kg = the fuel consumption in [kg/km] FC MJ = the energy consumption in [MJ/km] FC kwh = the energy consumption in [kwh/km] H u = lower heating value in [MJ/kg] d = driven distance during the operating cycle in km p i = for i = 1: pressure in gaseous fuel tank before the operating cycle in Pa; for i = 2: pressure in gaseous fuel tank after the operating cycle in Pa T i = for i = 1: temperature in gaseous fuel tank before the operating cycle in K; for i = 2: temperature in gaseous fuel tank after the operating cycle in K Z i = compressibility factor of the gaseous fuel at pi and Ti (table or calculation method for H2 and H2NG has to be added). As far as no table is available Z i = 1. V inner volume of the gaseous fuel tank R gas constant of the gaseous fuel in J/(kgK) 19

20 WP01: 80/1268/EC (fuel consumption) Determination of gas constant R and lower heating value H u for H2NG-x mixtures with x mol% hydrogen R H 2NG x = x M H 2 R m + (1 x) M NG H u ( H ) H ung = μ H 2 H uh μ 2 μ H 2 = x M H 2 x M + H 2 ( 1 x) M NG with H2NG-x mixture of x mol% H2 and NG/Biomethane µ H2 = mass fraction of H2 in H2NG-x in mass% x mol fraction of H2 in H2NG-x in mol% H uh2 = lower heating value of hydrogen in [MJ/kg] H ung = lower heating value of natural gas in [MJ/kg] H u = lower heating value of the mixture in [MJ/kg] M H2 = 2 kg/kmol M NG = 16 kg/kmol R m = 8314 kmol/(kgk) R H2NG-x = gas constant of H2NG-mixture 20

21 WP01: 80/1269/EC (engine power) Power of motor vehicles Introduction of terms power unit and power plant power unit : thermomechanic or electromechanic converter or electric power unit (ICE, Electric motor/generator) or electric power unit (FC, battery, etc. ) power plant : assembly of different power units that delivers mechanical power at a driveshaft Measurement of power separate for each power unit: ICE, FC, Battery, Supercapacitor, Electric motor, etc. and for whole power plant (necessary due to different control strategies) combination of power units with electronic control unit of system with defined boundary conditions SOC (State of charge) of battery at beginning and end of test SOC of Supercapacitor FC operating point, etc. 21

22 WP01: 80/1269/EC (engine power) H2-FCV and H2-ICE-Hybrid vehicles: electrification of power plant differentiation between Peak - and Continuous power measurement for electromechanic and electric power units Peak power : power output that can be delivered for a couple of seconds Continuous power : power that can be delivered during several hours 22

23 WP01: 80/1269/EC (engine power) Auxiliary equipment for determination of power list for H2-ICEs was extended with pressure regulator for gaseous fuels a draft for an equipment list for the following units was proposed FC-system Electric motor/generator Battery (only for power battery) Supercapacitor and general equipment for testing of whole power plant e.g. auxiliary equipment for determination of power of a FC-system Air intake system with subcomponents Hydrogen supply systems with subcomponents Fuel cell exhaust system Cooling subsystem 23

24 WP01: 80/1269/EC (engine power) Power output of ICE is function of atmospheric conditions the determined power for ICE engines is referred to standard atmospheric conditions Examination whether the power output of fuel cells changes with different atmospheric conditions is needed if correction is necessary: Algorithm for power correction factor of fuel cells (α FC ) has to be developed 24

25 WP01: 2005/64/EC Reusability, recyclability and recoverability (compare also SAE J2594 and ISO 22628:2002) H2-ICE comparable to conventional ICE-vehicles instead of gas fuel supply system H2-FCV power plants differ substantially from power plants of conventional vehicles electric system of H2-FCV comparable to electric system of hybrid vehicles using ICE proposed list of components of hydrogen vehicles with concern to reusability, recyclability and recoverability gaseous storage tanks steel, aluminum, high density plastics, carbon fibre gas detectors catalyst materials of sensor heads (noble metals, etc. ) casting compounds for electronics lines, valves, exhaust system stainless steel components (high nickel contents) special materials for joints and gaskets Neoprene, Teflon, Viton, NBR, Buna-N, Hostalen, etc. fuel cell membrane electrode assembly (MEA) (noble metals, etc. ) 25

26 WP01: 715/2007/EC CO2 emissions CO2 emissions CO2e(quivalent) emissions in accordance with 80/1268/EEC OBD system Expansion of OBD system with safety related functions concerning the gas fuel supply system is proposed function monitoring of shut off valves sensors gas injectors gas detectors multi redundant leakage detection by gas detectors monitoring pressure gradients comparison of consumed (by ICE, FC) and delivered gas mass (from storage system) 26

27 WP01: 715/2007/EC Pollutants H2-FCV do not emit any limited pollutant type 1 test not necessary for H2-FCV H2-ICE under specific operating conditions (rich fuel/air-mixtures) the NOx emissions are considerable Emission of other limited pollutants are negligible NOx is proposed to be the only limited pollutant for H2-ICE when NOx aftertreatment systems are used limitation of NH3 emissions is proposed 27

28 WP01: 715/2007/EC Pollutants Tables for Euro 5 and Euro 6 emission limits (Annex I) were adapted for H2 and H2NG NOx limits of H2-ICE vehicles are proposed to be conform with those of compression ignition engines NOx calculation method has to be checked for hydrogen fuelled cars (compare GTR) Emission of other (not limited) pollutants HxNyOz were not examined Investigations (measurements) are proposed to quantify all possible combinations of HxNyOz emissions of all vehicles 28

29 Emissions light passenger vehicles BMW hydrogen 7 Europe USA/Canada 100% limit 29

30 Emission limits EURO 5 Implementation: September 1 st, 2009 Cat. Class Mass of CH4 (mg/km) CH4 emissions = THC NMHC: M - 32 N1 I 32 II 40 III 52 N

31 Emission limits EURO 6 Implementation: September 1 st, 2014 Cat. Class Mass of CH4 (mg/km) CH4 emissions = THC NMHC: M - 32 N1 I 32 II 40 III 52 N

32 WP01: 692/2008/EC CO2 emissions, OBD system and Pollutants in accordance with 80/1268/EEC and 715/2007/EC Crankcase emissions (type 3 test) accumulation of hydrogen in crankcase has to be avoided (due to wide ignition limits of hydrogen) blow by can be optimized but not avoided investigations are necessary to determine blow by behavior of H2-ICE concerning hydrogen entry in crankcase if necessary for safety and environmental reasons type 3 test has to be extended to test the functionality of the crankcase ventilation system test has to be developed 32

33 WP01: 692/2008/EC Evaporative emissions (type 4 test) evaporative emissions of vehicles using liquid hydrogen storage occur due to unavoidable heat input into LH2 evaporative losses of hydrogen are recommended to be handled in a specific way (catalytic conversion, etc.) the hydrogen which is not converted and enters the atmosphere is proposed to be limited due to safety reasons environmental reasons (H2 as indirect GHG) type 4 test has to be extended for vehicles using LH2- storage test has to be developed 33

34 WP01: 692/2008/EC Application of test requirements for type approval (figure I.2.4 in Annex I) was extended for H2 and H2NG vehicles: Vehicle category Reference fuel Gaseous pollutants (Type 1 test) Particulates (Type 1 test) Idle emissions (Type 2 test) Crankcase emissions (Type 3 test) Evaporative emissions (Type 4 test) Durability (Type 5 test) Low temperature emissions (Type 6 test) In-service conformity On-board diagnostics CO2e-emissions Fuel consumption GH2 (3) (4) - - (3) - -(3) - Vehicles with positive ignition engines including hybrids Mono fuel LH2 (3) (4) - - (3) -(3) - Petrol GH2 (both fuels)(3) (4) (direct injection petrol) (petrol) (both fuels) (3) (petrol) (both fuels) (both fuels) (petrol) (both fuels) Bi fuel Petrol LH2 (both fuels)(3) (4) (direct injection petrol) (petrol) (both fuels) (3) (both fuels) (both fuels) (both fuels) (petrol) (both fuels) Fuel cell vehicles (3) Additional gas components (HxNyOz, e.g. H2) or battery emissions should eventually be included in the gaseous pollutant list (4) For hydrogen only NOx-emissions has to be determined. CO, CO2 or HC emissions are negligible. For vehicles using fixed H2NG mixtures with H2-contents > 4 Mol% all pollutants relevant for H2 and NG/Biomethane have to be determined. GH2 -(3) - -(3) - -(3) -(3) - LH2 -(3) - -(3) - -(3) 34

35 WP01: 692/2008/EC Classification of H2NG- vehicles H2NG reference fuel In legislation treated as emission limits fixed mixture with <4Mol% hydrogen reference fuel specified for NG NG-vehicle like NG-vehicles fixed mixture with >4Mol% hydrogen mixture of reference fuel specified for hydrogen and NG in fixed composition hydrogen vehicle like hydrogen vehicles with exception: carbon based pollutants like NG-vehicles variable mixtures (0 100 Mol% H2) reference fuel for hydrogen reference fuel for NG hydrogen vehicle NG vehicle like hydrogen vehicle like NG vehicle 35

36 WP01: 595/2009 CO2 emissions and fuel consumption in accordance with 80/1268/EEC Engine power The approach with power determination of power unit and power plant is applicable also for heavy duty vehicles with H2-ICE and H2-FC in accordance with 80/1269/EEC Pollutants and OBD-system in accordance with 715/2007/EC including NOx aftertreatment system emissions of NH3 Crankcase ventilation for H2-ICE and evaporative emissions for LH2-storage in accordance with 692/2008/EC 36

37 Emissions heavy duty vehicles MAN bus engine Emissionen Emissions [g/kwh] Euro 4 1) 1) (ab (from 2006) Euro 5 2) 2) (ab (from 2009) Wasserstoff Hydrogen 1) ESC 13-mode steady state procedure for diesel engines 1) ESC 13-Stufen-Test für Dieselmotoren (incl. diesel engines with oxidation catalyst) (einschl. Dieselmotoren mit Oxidationskat.) 2) 2) ESC 13-mode steady ESC state 13-Stufen-Test procedure <0.005 HC CO NO x PM

38 Emission limits heavy duty vehicles EURO VI Implementation: December 31 th,

39 WP01: Reference fuels Reference fuels for testing activities it is proposed to refer to hydrogen fuels as specified in the ISO standards x as listed in the table fuel GH2 LH2 H2NG energy converter ICE FC (PEM) ICE FC (PEM) ICE fuel specification ISO :1999: Hydrogen fuel - Product specification - Part 1: All applications except proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell for road vehicles has to be used for testing ISO/CD : Hydrogen fuel product specification Part 2: Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell applications for road vehicles has to be used for testing. ISO :1999: Hydrogen fuel - Product specification - Part 1: All applications except proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell for road vehicles has to be used for testing ISO/CD : Hydrogen fuel product specification Part 2: Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell applications for road vehicles has to be used for testing. Mixture of the hydrogen according to ISO and the reference fuels defined for Natural gas in the actual legislation (G20 and G25) 39

40 Questionnaire, Conclusion, Contact Questionnaire will be distributed, see separate document Conclusion (see separate document) Contact: Dr. Manfred Klell TU Graz, HyCentA Research GmbH Inffeldgasse 15 A-8010 Graz Phone: Fax: Web: