Gaseous Fuels for Transportation

Transcription

1 Gaseous Fuels for Transportation Place your chosen image here. The four corners must just cover the arrow tips. For covers, the three pictures should be the same size and in a straight line. CNY Engineering Expo Christopher A. Cavanagh, PE November 11, 2013

2 A 50:50 Company 50:50 UK US Transmission Distribution Electricity Gas

3 Agenda Introduction Emission Benefits of Natural Gas Vehicles Fuel Price Benefits Natural Gas Vehicles in NY State Heavy-duty Vehicles Product Evolution Emissions Future Developments Renewable Fuel Standard Liquefied Natural Gas Hydrogen Tax Incentives and Funding Q & A 3

4 Alternative Vehicle Fuels 1 minute video 4

5 Natural Gas Vehicle Emissions Benefits Global Greenhouse Gases Global Warming CO 2 Regional Ozone & Acid Rain Smog 20% reduction vs. gasoline* 27% reduction vs. diesel NO X Non-methane hydrocarbons SO 2 Up to 2/3 reduction 50 % reduction Near 100% reduction Local CO and Particulate Poisonous & Carcinogenic Carbon Monoxide PM 10 Up to 95% reduction 40-75% vs.. ultra-low sulphur diesel with filter Convert (5) cars to CNG is like taking an entire gasoline vehicle off the road forever and saves 3,500 lbs. for each vehicle or 8 ¾ tons for five gasoline cars which is the same as replacing a total of 83 CFL bulbs. Carbon data based on EPA- AP 42 factors, other from published testing 5

6 Carbon Intensity Values for Selected Fuel Pathways (Draft) Pathway Carbon Intensity* (gco2e/mj) Conventional Gasoline 92.7 Reformulated gasoline blendstock (RBOB) 96.7 Oils and RBOB 107 Ultra-Low-Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) 93 Oils and ULSD 104 Denatured Corn Ethanol 72.5 Soy Biodiesel 35 Forest Residue EtOH: (Fermentation) 1.8 Forest Residue EtOH: (Gasification) 15 Compressed Natural Gas 73.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 86.9 Heating Pellets from woody biomass 19.8 Electricity for EVs (100% NG) 60.3 ** Electricity for EVs (100% Coal) 115 ** Electricity for EVs (100% Wind) 0 * Does not include effects of indirect land-use change ** Values adjusted for end-use efficiency.

7 Fuel Costs Private Stations The Fuel Cost $ per Diesel Gallon Equivalent Delivery Tariff 4A-CNG Apr-12 - NYC- Uncompressed Commodity Utility Marketer Taxes, $0.3519, 31% Operating Costs Compression Electricity Demand Based on desired fill rate Commodity, $0.3675, 33% Energy 0.6 kwh/gge at 60 psig 1.2 kwh/gge at 15 psig Fueling Station Maintenance Delivery, $0.4009, 36% 7

8 NGV Market Development in National Grid 8

9 NGV Market Development at National Grid NY is the second largest adopter of NGVs in the US (based on 2009 EIA Estimate) California - 92 Million GGE/yr. New York - 25 Million GGE/yr Texas - 13 Million GGE/yr A series of US firsts for NY First Commercial Transit Bus - NYC Orion Bus Oriskanny, NY Cummins - Jamestown, NY First Original Equipment Taxi (Ford Crown Victoria) Largest fueling station in US when built in 1997 (Gleason Depot-4,800 scfm fill in 3½ mins.) Excellent Safety Record 9

10 Vehicle and Service Providers Vehicles Light Duty Original Equipment Manufactures (limited) Honda Civic (CNG only) Ford, GM and Chrysler Light Trucks (dual-fuel) Improved after-market conversions (volume orders required to recover cost of EPA emissions certification) Heavy-Duty Cummins Westport Engines Most truck and bus body builders CNG Hybrid technology being developed Local dealers and repair shops with trained technicians (Bronx Community College is a national leader in CNG technician training). Fueling Stations- National Standard NFPA-52 Several station providers will package CNG systems in NY State (e.g. Clean Energy, Trillium, EES, Air & Gas, etc.) Design-Build or Design, Build Own and Maintain. 10

11 National Grid s Largest NY NGV Customers Metropolitan Transit Authority MTA NYC Transit MTA Bus Company Nassau Intercounty Express (100% CNG) Syracuse Centro Bus NY State Department or Transportation Town of Brookhaven (Garbage Trucks) Town of Smithtown Town of Hempstead (CNG, CNG/H 2 blend and H 2 ) City of New York (Sanitation, Parks etc.) City of Long Beach School District 11

12 CNG Heavy-Duty Technology Advanced Engine Technology Cummins-Westport 1995 Product Line (ISLG 8.9L) Continued Technology Development CWI 12 liter Ultra Low Emission HD Nat Gas Engine Development. Planned completion: 3/13 SI-EGR technology can achieve target performance levels with stable operation Future CNG Hydraulic Hybrid Crane Carrier Vehicle Platforms Range as good as diesel Typical Manufacturers Freightliner Navistar Ford Crane Carrier Refuse Packers Excellent Safety Record CWI ISX11.9 Concept Gas Engine 12

13 Heavy-duty Emissions over the Last Decade Regulated Emissions of all diesel vehicles have dropped dramatically with improved technology Particulate Matter (PM 10 ) Oxides of Nitrogen Non-methane hydrocarbons Carbon Monoxide Greenhouse Gas Emissions have also dropped Natural gas maintains lead in Meets of Exceed EPA and CARB 2010 Standards with only a catalyst Requires no new additional exhaust gas after-treatment Particulate traps or filter Urea injection Up 25% reduction in Greenhouse gas production for pipeline natural gas Up to 86% reduction in greenhouse gases for bio-gas 13

14 Heavy-duty Product Evolution 1990 first commercial CNG transit bus in the US goes into operation is sponsored by National Grid predecessor in Brooklyn. GM Engine then the first Cummins L10 Now 20% of all new bus orders offered by all major manufacturers 2007 Freightliner M2 8.9 L Stoichiometric EGR engine Uses high EGR rates in combustion process in place of excess air (Lean Burn). End result is an oxygen free exhaust allowing for the use of a three way catalyst vs. DPF/DOC. ISL G meets 2010 emissions standards 0.20 gms/bhp-hr NO X,.01 gms/bhp-hr PM 10 CARB Clean Idle Certified New Electronic Control Module Provides full monitoring and control of engine sensors, fuel system and ignition Other Features Low installed weight Higher efficiency Improved reliability 2 to 3 BOC Mounted CNG Tanks (50-75 DGE) Cummins diesel parts commonality Service and support by Cummins distributor network 14

15 Emissions Advantage CNG vs. ULSD w/ EngelhardDPX(Filter) Washington Metro - NREL/TP December 2005 CNG vs. ULSD w/ Johnson Matthey CRT NYC Transit Interim Report 2000 Diesel Hybrid vs. Conventional Diesel NYC Transit- NREL December 2002 CT Transit 2005 The mean PM mass emissions for the CD and HDE bus types were not significantly different at the 95% confidence level. 15

16 CNG Fueling Station Options Use Existing Fast-fill Public Stations Good option to test the CNG concept Good for small/individual operators National Networks with Fleet Fueling Cards Add a new Private Fueling Station Fast-fill 1-10 minutes Very expensive Slow fill Overnight Lowest cost. New Products GE CNG Station in a Box 16

17 Future Developments Proposed Northeast Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) Proposed 10% reduction in full-cycle carbon intensity (grams/mj) by 2020 by capping carbon intensity of liquid fuel distributors. Similar to California. Economic Analysis Completed August 2011 NGV scenario adds 21,700 jobs. MOU to develop LCFS signed by 11 northeast states in Dec LNG for long haul trucking Marine applications and other off-road v USEPA Renewable Fuel Standard Renewable Natural Gas is an Advanced Bio-fuel as produced from landfills, wastewater, food waste, etc. CNG customers that contract for independent supplies of renewable gas can generate credits called RINs. (1 RIN = 77,000 Btu LHV ) 17

18 The Federal Renewable Fuel Standard Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) creates a pathway to capture and monetize the environmental attributes of renewable gas as an offset of transportation fuel Considered an Advanced Biofuel like biodiesel This is a federal program administered by the EPA Renewable Identification Number (RINs) are the currency that refiners, fuel blenders and importers use to show compliance with EPA regulations for RFS program In 2011, Advanced Biofuel RINs were sold between $0.50 to $1.50 per RIN, translating to a renewable gas premium of approx. $6.50 to $19.50 per decatherm NYC Department of Sanitation Issued Solicitation fro RIN from the Staten Island Landfill in October

19 Liquefied Natural Gas Natural Gas in Cryogenic State -270 o F Liquefied Onsite or Transported by Tanker Truck (e.g. Transgas, Boston) Stored on vehicle as Liquid or expanded to CNG during fueling ( L/CNG) Excellent Vehicle Fuel Better Fuel Storage Density than CNG High- Pressure Direct Injection Engines (Cummins-Westport) Bi-fuel, diesel pilot Strong Interest in Interstate Trucking 19

20 Repeal of the NY State Moratorium on LNG Moratorium on New LNG Installations in NY State Response to Maintenance Accident in 1968 First Enacted by the legislature in 70 s and repeatedly renewed Based on new legislation, will be repealed next year after NY DEC issued permitting and safety regulations. A Permit from DEC will be required Moratorium to continue in New York City Existing Facilities Not Affected. Proposed 6 NYCRR Part 570 Regulation of Liquefied Natural Gas Facilities National Safety Standards: NFPA-52 and 59A Respects Local Zoning Required First-responder Preparedness 20

21 Technology: Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Production On-board (not yet shown practical) Local (at a fueling station) Can be Renewable. Electrolysis from grid supplied electricity Steam reformation (gas or liquid fuels) Centralized: Distribution of hydrogen? Vehicles New Hydrogen, HCNG and CNG Leverages CNG technology Fueling Station at the Town of Hempstead, Long Island, NY Engine controls Fuel storage Compressed tanks (5,000 10,000 psi) Absorbed storage may an option not yet practical for CNG. - > 25% additional storage for same volume - May ultimately be conformable storage S.I. Engines (unblended H 2 potential NO X problem) Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cells Higher power density required than stationary units No tolerance to CO carryover. 21

22 Hydrogen Fuel in Hempstead CNG or H-CNG 12 kg per day of hydrogen gas. Fill approximately four vehicles daily. 22

23 Tax Incentives Federal 50 per GGE tax credit expired and restored for Exempt from 4.3 per gallon deficit reduction portion of federal motor fuel tax, largely offset by over taxing due to error in federal tax calculation (e.g. assumed 1 GGE = scf) Tax deductions for capital expired Energy Policy Act (EPACT) creates credits for mandated fleets that exceed requirements that can be sold to other fleets. New York CNG exempt from Petroleum Business Tax (except testing portion = 0.5 /gallon) Fuel and sales tax exemptions of 44 /gallon restored to 8/31/ % tax credit for station capital expired New tax credit for CNG fueling (50% up to $5,000) 23

24 Public Funding in New York Federal DOE Clean Cities Pubic-private partnerships Administers Federal AFV Funds with NYSERDA Competitive selection for funding when available Clean Cities Coalitions in NY (also see Empire Clean Cities (NYC and Lower Hudson Valley) Greater Long Island Clean Cities Capital Clean Cities Central NY Clean Cities Clean Cities of Western NY Genesee Region Clean Cities Federal Transit Administration (80-90%) of all transit capital costs Several targeted specific grant programs (e.g. EPA clean school bus) New York State NYSERDA Technical Assistance (FlexTech) Several NYSERDA specific Program Opportunity Notices 24

25 Going Forward With your help we can lead the way in creating the climate for change nationalgrid