Criteria for Casella AFV Initiative Business case positive. Pay for itself. Does it meet Casella sustainability profile? Improved emissions.

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2 Criteria for Casella AFV Initiative Business case positive. Pay for itself. Does it meet Casella sustainability profile? Improved emissions. Likelihood of successful operation and maintenance. Proven. Casella s First CNG Collection Vehicle

3 Time Line 2007 Initiated search for best AFV solution, purchased International Hybrid/Electric food waste truck, March demoed 2007 Autocar CNG truck (Cummins ISL Gas+) 2008 Applied for and received EPA grant through Granite State Clean Cities in NH for our Salem location. Site and other issues killed project. Shifted focus to All Cycle and Vermont Gas Systems Tim Lyons of Vt Gas took an interest. Casella applied for DERA EPA grant for vehicle funding, received $205, for three trucks Casella funded and built with help from Vermont Gas Systems and AVSG first CNG time fill station in Vermont for 6 refuse trucks, on line December Purchasing 4 more trucks and have added infrastructure to fuel a total of 13 vehicles at All Cycle Also adding at least 6 trucks and building 2 more time fill stations in Geneva and Moreau, NY.

4 The Dilemma: The transportation sector is addicted to liquid petroleum fuels

5 Per Barrel Oil Prices 1973 thru 2009 Volatility is the rule not the exception approximate march 2011 price $100.00

6 U.S. Average Retail Fuel Prices $0.00 $0.50 $1.00 $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00 $3.50 $4.00 $4.50 $5.00 4/1/00 7/1/00 10/1/00 1/1/01 4/1/01 7/1/01 10/1/01 1/1/02 4/1/02 7/1/02 10/1/02 1/1/03 4/1/03 7/1/03 10/1/03 1/1/04 4/1/04 7/1/04 10/1/04 1/1/05 4/1/05 7/1/05 10/1/05 1/1/06 4/1/06 7/1/06 10/1/06 1/1/07 4/1/07 7/1/07 10/1/07 1/1/08 4/1/08 7/1/08 10/1/08 1/1/09 4/1/09 7/1/09 10/1/09 1/1/10 4/1/10 7/1/10 10/1/10 1/1/11 4/1/11 7/1/11 Cost per GGE Propane E85 B99/B100 B20 Gasoline Diesel CNG

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8 Estimated Consumption of Alternative Fuel by AFVs in the U.S. 250 Million GGEs LPG CNG LNG M85 M100 E85 E95 Elec H [3]

9 Business Case Diesel Gallon Equivalent, (DGE) =136 cft cng = 130,000 btu s approx 1 gallon diesel Typical Cost Breakdown per DGE Annual Savings Natural Gas Commodity and Trans 1.20 Distribution Charge 0.20 Federal Fuel Tax Credit, thru 2012/GGE Station Maintenance Compression Cost (electricity) Cost per DGE in truck (0.247) Diesel Cost 3.50 Savings per DGE = gallons per day, 250 route days per year times 1.95= $17,000 savings per year per vehicle Ultimate build out at All Cycle Waste 13 trucks: Savings $221,000/year

10 Business Case (cont) Maintenance cost equal to or less than diesel and gas No diesel particulate filter (DPF) or selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or maintenance associated. Installed 3 way catalyst, no maintenance. Federal tax credits:.50/gge and 50% of the cost of the fueling station or $30,000 whichever is less. Natural gas reserves of at least 120 years Federal and some state grant money available

11 Truck Technology Engines 2010 Diesel Exhaust Treatment 2010 Natural Gas Exhaust Treatment Natural Gas Benefits No Diesel particulate filter No Diesel emission fluid Increased operator visibility Less complexity 11

12 Improved Emissions Sustainability Replacing a diesel vehicle with a CNG or LNG vehicle provides the following reductions in exhaust emissions: 70 90% carbon monoxide (CO) 50 75% organics (NMOG) 75 95% nitrous oxides (NOx) 20 30% carbon dioxide Or 45,000 lbs per year less CO2e per truck

13 Sustainability (cont) 15 20% quieter that diesel Fuel is safer ignition temperature 1100 to 1300 F vs. 400 to 500 F for diesel lighter than air does not pool Will meet EPA s standards without complicated exhaust after treatment for at least the next 10 years

14 Natural Gas Engine Technology Cummins Westport Joint Venture ISL G met 2010 emissions standards ahead of schedule ft/lbs torque Maintenance Free Exhaust System

15 Hurdles 1. Gas must be compressed into the tanks to 3600psi 2. Infrastructure $250k to $1million 3. Infrastructure is a maintenance item, must be diligent with the care 4. Fleet is dependant on your fueling system 5. Trucks have a $30 $50k incremental cost 6. CNG, even at 3600psi takes up 4X the volume of diesel 7. Maintenance shop must have methane detection and ventilation systems if the truck needs to be inside for more than 4 hours 8. Need access to natural gas!

16 Casella first Time Fill CNG station in Williston, VT Time Fill Post Dispensers K rail Compressors and Controls Time Fill Post Dispensers Truck Hookup 16

17 Time Fill Private CNG Station Time Fill Post Dispensers K rail Compressors and Controls Time Fill Post Dispensers In Ground Vocational Energy 17

18 Truck Storage Tanks Fuel storage tanks are typically incorporated into the refuse body roof..

19 More Information NGV America US Dept of Energy Renewable Energy Site Questions?