GHG EMISSIONS FROM BIOFUELS. The Spanish perspective

Transcription

1 GHG EMISSIONS FROM BIOFUELS. The Spanish perspective Yolanda Lechón Unidad de Análisis de Sistemas Energéticos CIEMAT EUROCLIMA PROJECT EXPERT CONSULTATION: GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM BIOFUELS AND BIOENERGY March 29th 2011

2 CIEMAT's studies on GHG emissions on biofuels Background studies Studies commissioned by the Spanish Ministry of Environment: Life Cycle Analysis of Alternative Fuels for Transport. Phase I. Comparative LCA of ethanol form cereals a gasoline Phase II. Comparative LCA of biodiesel and diesel Published results pdf Biodiesel_Re.pdf Lechón Y., Cabal H., Caldés N., Santamaría M. and Sáez R.. Energy and greenhouse gas emission savings of biofuels in Spain's transport fuel. The adoption of the EU policy on biofuels. Biomass and Bioenergy, pp (2009).

3 CIEMAT's studies on GHG emissions on biofuels. Update. Study commissioned by the Spanish Agency for Energy Efficiency and Saving (IDAE) Greenhouse gas emissions of biofuels produced in Spain. Use of the RED methodology Updated input data on crops and processes Level of geographical detail: agricultural counties. Results were use to comply with RED art Results will be published by IDAE in the short term

4 Objetives. Assessment of GHG emissions of biofuels produced in Spain from domestic raw materials and taking into account the agronomic conditions of our country. Assessment of the energy use of these biofuels.

5 Studied systems. 9Bioethanol from wheat 9Bioethanol from barley 9Bioethanol from sweet sorghum 9Biodiesel from sunflower 9Biodiesel from rapeseed 9Biodiesel from Cynara cardunculus

6 Scope For agricultural stages, the level of geographical detail was set at the level of agricultural county (NUTs4). Afterwards the results were aggregated by province (NUTs3) and autonomous community (NUTs2). Results were shown disaggregated in the following stages: Raw material cultivation Processing Transport and distribution. Totals

7 Source of data. Agricultural data (Escuela Técnica Superior Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica Madrid): county data on yields and agricultural works of wheat, barley, sunflower and rapeseed crops based on historical data estimated data on yields and agricultural works in the counties suitable for of sweet sorghum and thistle.

8 Source of data. Processing data (CIEMAT): Ethanol data from wheat and barley based on the actual processes of transformation plants located in Spain Ethanol data from sweet sorghum based on literature data Rapeseed and sunflower oil extraction data based on actual processes of Spanish oil mills Thistle extraction data considered similar to those of sunflower oil extraction Biodiesel data based on actual processes of Spanish installations

9 Functional unit for comparison 1MJofbiofuel Reference fossil fuel: 83.8 g CO2 equiv/mj (RED) 1.26 MJf/MJ (Ecoinvent)

10 Studied processes. Bioethanol from wheat or barley Bioethanol from wheat/barley Reference system Herbicide Fertilizer Seed Fuel provision Cereal cultivation Seeds Transport Set aside land Ethanol DDGS CO2 captured CHP unit Electricity Electricity plant that uses the same fuel Ethanol Transport and distribution Final use 1 MJ ethanol

11 Studied processes. Bioethanol from sweet sorghum Bioethanol from sweet sorghum Reference system Herbicide Fertilizer Seeds Fuel Sorghum cultivation Stem s Transport Set aside land Ethanol Vignasses Ethanol Bagase CHP unit Electricity Electricity plant that uses the same fuel Transport and distribution Final use 1 MJ ethanol

12 Studied processes. Biodiesel from rapeseed, sunflower or thistle oil biodiesel from oil seeds Reference system Herbicide Fertilizer Seed Oil seeds cultivation Seeds Set aside land Fuel provision Transport Oil extraction meal Oil Transport Biodiesel Biodiesel Glycerine Transport and distribution Final use 1 MJ biodiesel

13 Studied processes. Biodiesel from thistle in a bio refinery producing paper Biodiesel from thistle in a biorrefinery producing paper Reference system Herbicide Fertilizer Seed Thistle cultivation Biomass Transport Set aside land Fractioning Stems without marrow Paper paper Seeds Oil extraction Biomass for energy CHP unit meal Oil Biodiesel Glycerine System limits Biodiesel Transporte y distribución Uso final 1 MJ biodiesel

14 Studied processes. Biodiesel from thistle in a bio refinery producing energy Reference system Biodiesel from thistle in a biorrefinery producing energy Herbicide Fertilizer Seed Thistle cultivation Biomass Transpor Set aside land Fractioning Biomass for energy CHP unit Electricity Heat seeds Oil extraction meal Oil Biodiesel Glycerine Bio refinery system limits Biodiesel Transport and distribution Final use 1 MJ biodiesel

15 Agricultural data and main assumptions. Inputs needed in the agricultural stages: Available land Yields Agricultural works Fertilizers Pesticides Electricty for watering Transport distance to the processing plant

16 1. Available land + + Total available land (all uses) Cultivo Superficie (miles ha) Secano Regadío TOTAL Trigo 1.935,6 197, ,8 Cebada 2.817,7 323, ,9 AMILÁCEOS ALCOHOLÍGENOS 4.753,4 520, ,6 Sorgo - 78,0 78,0 CULTIVOS AZUCARADOS 4.753,4 598, ,7 Girasol 674,1 66,1 740,2 Colza 4,3 1,3 5,6 Cardo 1.140, ,9 CULTIVOS OLEAGINOSOS 1.819,3 67, ,7 TOTAL 6.572,7 665, ,4

17 2. Yields Wheat, barley and sunflower + Rapeseed Wheat Barley Crop Results: Weighted average Min. Yield (kg ha -1 ) Max. Weighted average Rain fed Irrigated Rain fed Irrigated Thistle and sorghum Yield functions Turc index for rain fed conditions Annual rainfall Insolation Ap Oct Rain fed Sunflower Irrigated Rain fed Rapeseed Irrigated Thistle Rain fed Sorghum* Irrigated

18 3. Field works Results: weighted average Machinery Fuel consumption l/h l/ha Work capacity (h/ha) Mould board plow 18,3 21,6 1,18 Chisel plow 18,3 8 0,44 Sub soiler 18,3 17,7 0,97 Disk harrow 13,3 4 0,31 Cultivator 13,3 3,8 0,29 Centrifugal fertilizer spreader 8,8 0,74 0,08 Grain drill 13,2 7,9 0,6 Precision drill 13,2 13,4 1,01 Manure spreader 18,3 13,1 0,71 Roller 18,3 4 0,33 Pesticide spreader 13,24 2,21 0,17 Disc reaper 8,8 6,1 0,69 Roto baler 18,3 12,2 0,67 Macro baler 18,3 13,1 0,37 Self load trailer 18,3 8,7 0,48 Forage mincer 18,26 39,03 2,14 Cereals harvester 39,3 15,4 0,39 Sunflower harvester 39,5 30,8 0,78

19 4. Fertilizers Reference fertilizer doses Ministry of Environment and Agriculture's database + Fertilizer consumption Results: weighted average Crop N Org. (kg/ha) NPK-N (kg/ha) NPK-P (kg/ha) NPK-K (kg/ha) Urea (kg/ha) *Source: Guerreo, A., 2003; Urbano, P., 1999, Box, M., MARM, **Source ITACyL, ***Source: Fernández, ****Source: Grupo de Agroenergética Wheat S 13,8 43,1 43,1 43,1 37,5 R 18,3 64,8 64,8 64,8 56,3 Barley S 12,6 53,4 53,4 53,4 0 R 17,4 87,2 87,2 87,2 0 Sunflower S R 18,2 18,4 15,3 26,1 11,3 Rapeseed S 0 15,9 29,9 29,9 0 R 0 23,1 43,4 43,4 0 Thistle S 0 30,1 60,2 90,2 201,7 Sorghum R 0 443,2 443,2 443,2 481,7

20 5. Irrigation Efficiency in the use of water by each crop Eficiencia en el Cultivos de uso del agua regadío (m 3 kg.d.m-1) Trigo 1,1 Cebada 1,1 Girasol 0,75 Colza 0,75 Sorgo 0,215 Stewart, B.A., Nielsen, D.R.Irrigation of Agricultural crops. American society of Agronomy + Source of irrigation water and electricity consumption + County averaged yield increase between rain fed and irrigated conditions Results: weighted average I.N.E. Cultivo Trigo Riego (m 3 ha -1 ) 1,609.9 Energía (kwh ha -1 ) 272 Cebada 1, Groundwater: 0,265 kwh/m 3 Girasol Colza , Surface water 0,1 kwh/m 3 Sorgo 4,

21 6. Pesticides Regional disease and pest data for some crops (ej RAIF Andalucía) National disease and pest data Pesticides most commonly used Agrovademecum. Results: weighted average Wheat and barley: Herbicides: Linuron (1 l ha 1 ); Trifluraline (2 l ha 1 ); Fungicides: Carbendazime y Maneb (3 kg ha 1 ). Sunflower: Herbicides: Linuron (1,31 l ha 1 ) y Pendimetalin (4 l ha 1 ); Insecticides: Carbofurane (15 kg ha 1 ) y Deltrametrin (3,5 l ha 1 ) Rapeseed: Herbicides: Propizamide (1.75 l ha 1 ) y Metazachlor (1.5 l ha 1 ); Insecticides: Deltrametrin (3.5 l ha 1 ). Thistle: Herbicides: Linuron (1,4 l ha 1 ) y Pendimetalin (3 l ha 1 ) Sorghum: Herbicide: Linuron (2,1 l ha 1 ) Insecticide: Carbofuran (15 kg ha 1 )

22 7. Transport distances to processing plant Actual processing plants Multimodal network (road, train, ship) Results: weighted average Means of transport Distance (km) Mín Máx Road 4,7 604 Train Ship

23 Processing stage. Ethanol from wheat and barley Cereal Milling Juice CHP unit Natural gas Chemicals Enzymatic treatment Saccharification Allocation factor Wheat Barley Ethanol 60% 55% DDGS 40% 45% Fermenter Sweet juice Juice Distillation column stillage Evaporator DDGS Dryer Hydrated ethanol DDGS dry Dehydrator Pelletizer System limits Anhydrous ethanol Excess electricity Pellets of DDGS

24 Processing stage. Ethanol from sweet sorghum Sorghum stems Milling Juice Bagasse boiler Excess bagasse Chemicals Chemical treatment CHP unit Filter cake Filtering Filtered juice Fermentator Juice Distillation Vinazas Hydrated ethanol Dehydrator System limits Anhydrous ethanol Excess electricity

25 Processing stage. Biodiesel from rapeseed, sunflower and thistle Seds Chemicals Natural gas Seed pretreatment Seed Meal Oil extraction Crude oil Oil Chemicals Soap paste Pretreatment Aceite refinado Glycerin Esterification Distillation column System limits Raw methyl esther Etapa Materia prima Unidades Extracción Cardo Girasol Colza Productos Aceite crudo % Harina % Transesterificación Productos Biodiesel % Glicerina farmacopea % Natural gas and electricity System limits Washing Washed methyl esther Dehydrator Biodiesel Glycerine

26 Processing stage. Biodiesel from thistle in a bio refinery producing paper Thistle yield kg Excess biomass 13.82kg CHP unit Biomass for energy 0.56 kg Fractioning Biomass for paper 7.66 kg Paper Paper paste 1.71kg Chemicals Seed 2.39 kg Oil extraction Meal 1.28 kg Productos kg LHV (MK/kg) % asignación Harina 1, Biodiesel 1 37,2 45 Glicerina farmacopea 0, Pasta de papel 1, Crude oil Pretreatment Refined oil Glycerine Esterification Raw Methyl esther Washing Washed methyl esther Dehydrator Distillation column Glycerin 0.09 kg System limits Biodiesel 1 kg

27 Processing stage. Biodiesel from thistle in a bio refinery Thistle yield 23,87 kg producing energy Electricity 27,4 MJ Heat 258 MJ CHP unit Biomass for energy 21,5 kg Fractioning Seeds 2,39 kg Oil extraction Meal 1,28 kg Chemicals Crude oil Pretreatment Productos kg MJ LHV (MK/kg) % asignación Harina 1, Biodiesel 1 37,2 21 Glicerina farmacopea 0, Calor 258,03 52 Electricidad 27,38 15 Refined oil Esterification Raw glycerin Raw methyl esther Washing Washed methyl esther Distillation column Glycerin 0,09 kg Dehydrator System limits Biodiesel 1 kg

28 Trigo regadio Cebada secano Cebada regadio Girasol secano Girasol regadio Colza secano Colza regadio Cardo secano biorrefineria Sorgo regadio Andalucia Trigo secano 5.00 Results. GHG emissions from cultivation (e c ) 53 Emisiones semilla de siembra Emisiones de N2O suelo Emisiones por consumo de electricidad 8 Emisiones por produccion de fitosanitarios Emisiones por consumo de combustible en labores Emisiones por fabricación de fertilizantes g CO2 equiv/ MJ biocombustible

29 Results. GHG emissions from cultivation in NUTS 2 areas Código NUTS2 CCAA Trigo Cebada Girasol Colza Cardo Cardo bior. pasta Cardo bior energía Sorgo Andalucia ES61 "Andalucia" ES24 "Aragon" ES12 "Asturias" 29 ES53 "Baleares" "Canarias" ES13 "Cantabria" ES41 "Castilla Leon" ES42 "Castilla La Mancha" ES51 "Cataluna" ES63 y ES64 Ceuta y Melilla ES30 "Comunidad de Madrid" ES52 "Comunidad Valenciana" ES43 "Extremadura" ES11 "Galicia" 25 ES23 "LA Rioja" ES62 "Murcia" ES22 "Navarra" ES21 "Pais Vasco"

30 GHG emissions from cultivation in NUTs3 areas (provinces)

31 GHG emissions from cultivation in NUTs4 areas (counties)

32 Total results. GHG emissions country average g CO2 equiv/mj biocombustible % 59% 49% 52% 78% 66% 54% 57% 17% 45% 72% 34% Trigo secanotrigo regadio Cebada secano Cebada regadio Girasol secano Girasol regadio Colza secano Colza regadio Cardo solo biodiesel Cardo Cardo biorrefineria biorrefineria pasta energia Sorgo regadio Emisiones de las etapas agrícolas eec Emisiones transformación ep CO2 capturado eccr Emisiones etapas de transporte etd Emisiones crédito eléctrico eee

33 Total results. GHG emission savings in NUTS 3 areas

34 Total results. GHG emission savings in NUTS 4 areas

35 Biofuel GHG emissions calculator

36 Biograce Project Objectives: Harmonize biofuel GHG emission calculations across Europe in order to support the implementation of RED (2009/28/EC) and FQD (2009/30/EC). Publish a list of standard values Elaborate Excell sheets that allow the calculation of the 22 most important biofuel chains Harmonize biofuel GHG calculators being developed in some European countries like The Netherlands, Germany, Spain and the UK.

37 Thank you very much