Workshop on GHG calculation and calculation tools

Transcription

1 Workshop on GHG calculation and calculation tools Susanne Köppen April 2014 / Indonesia susanne.köppen@ifeu.de 1

2 1. Introduction to GHG calculations 2

3 Content 1 Principles of GHG calculation 2 GHG calculation under the EU RED 3 Overview on GHG calculation tools 4 Introduction to BioGrace 3

4 1 Principles of GHG calculation Introduction Important driver for bioenergy implementation: saving of greenhouse gas emissions and fossil energy carriers save emissions by replacing fossil fuels and producing co-products cause emissions during production and use Impact of bioenergy project can be assessed with life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology internationally standardized (ISO / 14044) 4

5 1 Principles of GHG calculation Principles of LCAs takes into account the whole life cycle of a product ( cradle-to-grave ) takes into account all inputs into the system and all outputs compares the emissions of a biofuel with those from a fossil fuel based on a functional unit 5

6 1 Principles of GHG calculation Fossil fuel Biofuel Fertiliser Diesel Pesticides Raw material Production raw material Cultivation Fallow / land use change Transport Production Co-products Use 6

7 1 Principles of GHG calculation Inventory analysis Inputs Outputs Natural gas Fossil fuel Biofuel Fertilizer Diesel Pesticides Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Raw oil Raw material Production raw material Cultivation Fallow / land use change Lignite Transport Production Co-products Methane (CH 4 ) Hard coal Use Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) Conversion into CO 2 equivalents (GWPs) 7

8 1 Principles of GHG calculation How to calculate GHG emissions Data from the process (e.g. yields, fertiliser) X Data for conversion (e.g. heating values, emission factors) = Greenhouse gas emissions Direct emissions: occur during the use of a product (e.g. combustion of a fossil fuel) Indirect emissions: occur during the production of a product (e.g. production of a fossil fuel) Also called upstream emissions 8

9 1 Principles of GHG calculation Data from process Background data Data for conversion Provided by the GHG calculator Total greenhouse gas emissions Emissions Annual amount of Emission factor for FIELD WORK & HARVEST IRRIGATION & FEEDSTOCK DRYING Diesel fuel [l diesel per ha per year] Diesel fuel or electricity [l diesel per ha per year] or [kwh electricity per ha per year] x x Diesel [g CO 2 eq per l diesel] Diesel or electricity [g CO 2 eq per l diesel] or [g CO 2 eq per kwh electricity] Total annual GHG emissions [g CO 2 eq per ha per year] FERTILISER PESTICIDES Organic and mineral fertiliser [kg fertiliser per ha per year] Pesticides [l pesticides per ha per year] x x x Fertiliser production [g CO 2 eq per kg fertilizer] Nitrogen fertiliser field emissions [g CO 2 eq per kg fertiliser] Pesticides [g CO 2 eq per l pesticides] Feedstock yield [kg feedstock per ha per year] = Annual GHG emissions from cultivation [g CO 2 eq per kg feedstock] 9

10 1 Principles of GHG calculation Results for rapeseed biodiesel Rapeseed biodiesel Fossil diesel g CO 2 equ. / MJ fuel Saldo (biodiesel minus diesel) Rapeseed biodiesel emits less greenhouse gases than fossil diesel 10

11 1 Introduction to GHG calculation Example palm oil biodiesel 11

12 1 Introdcution to GHG calculation Diesel PME Ferti - liser Seed - lings Pesti - cides Diesel fuel Crude oil extraction and processing Oil palm plantation Alternative land use Natural forest Palm kernel oil Tensides Tensides Extraction, Refining Press cake Fodder Soy meal Transport Palm oil Transport Fibres & Shells Power Power mix Empty fruit bunches Mulch Min. fertiliser Waste water Biogas Power mix Refining Trans - esterification Raw Glycerine Glycerine Chemicals Convent. Diesel Palm oil biodiesel Utilisation in passenger car Utilisation in passenger car Product Process Reference system 12

13 1 Introduction to GHG calculation Greenhouse effect Credits Expenditures Greenhouse effect Palm oil biodiesel* Convent. diesel Advantage Disadvantage for PME** Balance t CO 2 equiv. / (ha*a) Expenditures: Credits: Fossil equivalent: Biomass tractor + power Biomass seedlings Biomass N-fertiliser Biomass other auxiliaries Transport kernels N2O field emissions Reference system POME CH4 emissions Transport ocean Process refining Process transesterification Transport palm oil Utilisation palm oil Credit soy meal Credit tensides Credit chemicals Foss. equivalent provision Foss. equivalent usage ** Natural forest + typical cultivation ** PME = Palm oil methyl ester = Palm oil biodiesel IFEU

14 1 Introduction to GHG calculation Greenhouse effect Credits Advantage CO 2 Expenditures Greenhouse effect CH 4 Disadvantage for PME** Palm oil biodiesel* Convent. diesel Balance t CO 2 equiv. / (ha*a) Expenditures: Credits: Fossil equivalent: Biomass tractor + power Biomass seedlings Biomass N-fertiliser Biomass other auxiliaries Transport kernels N2O field emissions Reference system POME CH4 emissions Transport ocean Process refining Process transesterification Transport palm oil Utilisation palm oil Credit soy meal Credit tensides Credit chemicals ** Natural forest + typical cultivation Foss. equivalent provision Foss. equivalent usage ** PME = Palm oil methyl ester = Palm oil biodiesel Large influence of land use change and palm oil production (plantation / palm oil mill management) Source: 14 IFEU 2007

15 1 Principles of GHG calculation Advantages Disadvantages GHG balances of different biofuels Large bandwidths of results: Different production systems Different methods 15

16 1 Principles of GHG calculation Specifications functional unit Basis for the comparison of bioenergy and fossil energy carrier Different units are possible: One hectare; tonne biomass; MJ energy carrier Choice depends on the research goal E.g. optimised use of land ( hectare) Optimised use of biomass (e.g. waste; t biomass) 16

17 1 Principles of GHG calculation Specifications greenhouse gases to be considered RED suggests to take into account: CO 2, N 2 O, CH 4 However, many more greenhouse gases exist (e.g. HFCs, PFCs,..) Greenhouse gases are converted into CO 2 equivalents based on the global warming potentials (GWPs) different GWPs suggested by IPCC: IPCC 2001: 296 (N 2 O), 23 (CH 4 ) IPCC 1995: 310 (N 2 O), 21 (CH 4 ) IPCC 2007: 298 (N 2 O), 25 (CH 4 ) 17

18 1 Principles of GHG calculation Specifications system boundaries Technical System to be studied Specification of main products, co-products, waste Cut off criteria (e.g. infrastructure) Geographical National production versus imports Global effects of carbon emissions Time horizon Reference year for emission balancing 18

19 1 Principles of GHG calculation Specifications dealing with by-products It has to be differentiated between waste and co- / by-product! No consistent definition worldwide Most bioenergy pathways produce by-products: Rapeseed meal Palm kernels; palm kernel meal Molasse Surplus electricity Co-/by-products have to be taken into account in LCAs 19

20 1 Principles of GHG calculation Substitution versus allocation Diesel Biodiesel Substitution Allocation Fertiliser Fuel Pestici. Fallow Raw oil production Cultivation Honey Convent. products % Rapeseed Honey Transport Raw oil Extraction Rape oil Rape meal Soy meal Chem. glycerine % Rape oil Raps Rape - schrot meal Raffination Processing Glycerine Chemicals % Glycerine Diesel Biodiesel Thermal use Biodiesel Use Use Product Process Equivalent system 20

21 1 Introduction to GHG calculation Substitution method Use of by-products replaces other products and thus save GHG emissions E.g. rapeseed meal replaces soy meal; glycerine replaces chemicals By-products can be used in different ways and thus lead to different savings: Rapeseed meal as animal feed (replaces soy beans) or for electricity production (replaces fossil grid electricity) Interesting from a scientific point of view as it shows the influences on system Difficult to use for regulatory purpose as hard to supervise and leads to very different results 21

22 1 Introduction to GHG calculation Allocation GHG emissions are divided between the main product and co-products Part of the emissions leave the system Different references possible: lower heating value, prices, mass Easier to be implemented in regulatory purposes 22

23 1 Introduction to GHG calculation Example on allocation 1 g CO 2eq Cultivation 6 g 5 g CO 2eq Product 1 Processing Coproduct 1 MJ/kg = 33 % 2 g CO 2eq 10 g CO 2eq 4 g CO 2eq 6 g CO 2eq Product 2 Processing 2 MJ/kg = 67% Coproduct 2 MJ/kg =33% 3.31 g CO 2eq 6.71g CO 2eq Final product 4 MJ/kg = 67 % 23

24 1 Introduction to GHG calculation Allocation versus substitution Greenhouse effect Advantages for biodiesel Substitution - Techn. glycerine - Chemicals - Thermal use Allocation Bandwidth - Lower heating value - Mass - Market price -3,5-3,0-2,5-2,0-1,5-1,0-0,5 0,0 t CO 2 equ / (ha*a) IFEU

25 Content 1 Principles of GHG calculation 2 GHG calculation under the EU RED 3 Overview on GHG calculation tools 4 Introduction to BioGrace 25

26 2 GHG calculation under the EU RED The EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED) Entered into force in 2009 Renewable energy objectives until 2020: 20 % overall share of renewable energy 10 % renewable energy in transport sector Objectives: Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions Security of energy supply Promoting technological development and innovation Providing opportunities for employment and regional development Includes sustainability requirements for liquid biofuels 26

27 2 GHG calculation under the EU RED The RED sustainability requirements Mandatory for biofuels / bioliquids used for compliance with 2020 target and benefiting from national support schemes Apply to ALL feedstocks entering the EU market (produced inside and outside the Community) Mainly covering environmental aspects Implementation: Independent auditors must check information Can be part of voluntary certification schemes (to be approved by Commission) 27

28 2 GHG calculation under the EU RED The RED sustainability requirements Mandatory criteria - Greenhouse gas emission saving shall be at least 35 % (50 % after 2017) - Not from areas with high biodiversity value (e.g. grassland, primary forests) - Not from areas with high carbon stocks (forests, peatland) Criteria to be reported - Availability of food at affordable prices (in particular in developing countries) - Land use rights - Implementation of ILO criteria - Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety - Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 28

29 2 GHG calculation under the EU RED The RED sustainability requirements RED Annex V provides default values (overall and disaggregated) and methodological rules for own calculations ( actual values ) Economic operators may use default values or actual values calculated according to Annex V or the sum of actual value and disaggregated default values. Rules on whether default values may be used e.g. land use change 29

30 2 GHG calculation under the EU RED Rules for using actual and default values 30

31 2 GHG calculation under the EU RED Making actual calculations For making actual GHG calculations, you need: 1. A methodology / rules 2. Data from the process, such as yield of feedstock, input of fertilisers, efficiency of conversion plant, natural gas and electricity input etc. etc. 3. Numbers/coefficients to convert data into GHG emissions 4. Data/numbers for the reference process Important to understand: LCA studies can be complicated and time-consuming GHG calculations under RED are to some extend pragmatic, a number of assumptions have been made 31

32 2 GHG calculations under the EU RED 1. The methodology (Annex V.C) e ee : combined with e p ee ccs/ccr : very scarcely applied e u : zero for biofuels and bioliquids (V.C.13) e l and e sca : following the decision 2010/335/EU e ec, e p, e td = basic disaggregated default values 32

33 2 GHG calculations under the EU RED 1. The methodology (Annex V.C) Direct land-use change e l e l Cultivation e ec e ec Transport raw material e td e sca Processing step 1 e ep Transport intermediate product e td e ep Processing step 2 Transport biofuel e ep e td e td Filling station e td 33

34 2 GHG calculations under the EU RED 1. The methodology (Annex V.C) Functional unit: gram CO 2eq per MJ biofuel Emissions from cultivation (e ec ) include emissions from Cultivation, collection of raw material, waste / leakages Production of chemicals or products used in extraction or cultivation Gives an approach how to calculate e l Application of a bonus (29 g CO 2eq /MJ ) if production took place on degraded or contaminated land Up to now no criteria / definitions for this type of land usually not applied in practice 34

35 2 GHG calculations under the EU RED 1. The methodology (Annex V.C) Emissions from processing (e p ) include emissions from Processing itself, waste / leakages Production of chemicals or products used in processing GHG emission intensity for external electricity has to be taken into account Emissions from infrastructure is not taken into account Emissions from transport (e td ) include emissions from Transport and storage of semi-finished material Storage and distribution of final material Emissions from fuel in use (e u ) shall be zero for biofuels / bioliquids 35

36 2 GHG calculations under the EU RED 1. The methodology (Annex V.C) Emission savings from excess electricity from cogeneration (e ee ) When co-products occur (e.g. palm kernels), allocation based on lower heating value shall be applied Wastes and residues are assumed to have zero GHG emissions up to their point of collection Provides GWPs for N 2 O (296) and CH 4 (23) Fossil fuel comparators: 83.8 g CO 2eq / MJ for transport fuels 91 / 77 g CO 2eq / MJ for electricity / heat production 36

37 2 GHG calculations under the EU RED Making actual calculations For making GHG calculations, you need: 1. A methodology / rules 2. Data from the process, such as yield of feedstock, input of fertilisers, efficiency of conversion plant, natural gas and electricity input etc. etc. 3. Numbers/coefficients to convert data into GHG emissions 4. Data/numbers for the reference process Important to understand: LCA studies can be complicated and time-consuming GHG calculations under RED are to some extend pragmatic, a number of assumptions have been made 37

38 2 GHG calculations under the EU RED Data for actual calculation Data from process (e.g. yields, fertiliser) X Data for conversion (e.g. heating values, emission factors) = Greenhouse gas emissions 38

39 2 GHG calculations under the EU RED 2. Data from the process In this workshop further called input data For example amount of natural gas and electricity consumed in a biofuel production plant over a given time span Yield of a crop and input of fertilisers, pesticides etc over a given time span 39

40 2 GHG calculations under the EU RED 3. Numbers/coefficients to convert data into GHG emissions For instance: Emission coefficients (eg gram CO 2 /CH 4 /N 2 O per MJ natural gas) Lower heating values (MJ/kg) Densities (kg/litre) Transport efficiencies (MJ fuel per ton per km) Emissions of CH 4 and N 2 O for boilers, CHP s (gram per MJ steam), trucks and ships (gram per ton per km) In GHG calculation tools these numbers/coefficients are assumed to be fixed or standard In this workshop further called standard values 40

41 2 GHG calculations under the EU RED 4. Data/numbers for the reference process Are defined in RED Annex V.C g CO 2eq / MJ for transport fuels 91 / 77 g CO 2eq / MJ for electricity / heat production Reference values will change when the RED Annex is updated (in the course of 2014) 41

42 Content 1 Principles of GHG calculation 2 GHG calculation under the EU RED 3 Overview on GHG calculation tools 4 Introduction to BioGrace 42

43 3 Overview on GHG calculation tools GHG calculations for regulative purpose Must lead to transparent and unambiguous results RED provides methodology But: RED methodology leaves room for interpretation No background data Functional unit is difficult to be put into practice Biofuel operators are no scientists! 43

44 3 Overview on GHG calculation tools Lack of background data Input data (e.g. yields, fertiliser) X Standard values (e.g. heating values, emission factors) = Greenhouse gas emissions Different factors may lead to different results! This causes a problem using actual GHG values Auditors can not check if standard values are correct Economic operations can enhance the GHG performance of their biofuel without decreasing actual GHG emissions 44

45 3 Overview on GHG calculation tools Comparison of GHG calculations Calculations with two different tools (BioGrace, RSB) Both apply the RED methodology Calculation of 4 pathways Ethanol from wheat Ethanol from sugar cane Biodiesel from rapeseed Biodiesel from pam oil Same input data have been used in both tools Biofuel greenhouse gas calculations under the European Renewable Energy Directive A comparison of the BioGrace tool vs. the tool of the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels Applied Energy, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 12 May 2012 Anna M. Hennecke, Mireille Faist, Jürgen Reinhardt, Victoria Junquera, John Neeft, Horst Fehrenbach 45

46 3 Overview on GHG calculation tools Comparison of GHG calculation Reason for deviation: Different emission factors Different methodologies (N 2 O field emissions) Different interpretation of land use categories Hennecke et al

47 3 Overview on GHG calculation tools Why harmonisation of GHG calculations? Different results from same biofuel (same input values but different standard values) Standard values Unit Source EC (RED Netherlands UK Germany Annex V) (Ecofys / CE) RFA IFEU Nitrogen Fertilizer g CO 2eq /kg 5917,2 6367,0 6800, P fertilizer g CO 2eq /kg 1013,5 700,0 354 for TSP, 95 for rock phosphate, for MAP K fertilizer g CO 2eq /kg 579,2 453,0 333,0 663 CaO fertilizer (85%CaCO3+15%CaO,Ca(OH)2) g CO 2eq /kg 130,0 179,0 124,0 297 Pesticides g CO 2eq /kg 11025, , , Diesel (direct plus indirect emissions) g CO 2eq /MJ 87,6 76,7 86,4 89,1 Natural gas (direct plus indirect emissions) g CO 2eq /MJ 68,0 53,9 62,0 62,8 Methanol (direct plus indirect emissions) g CO 2eq /MJ 98,1 137,5 138,5 62,5 47

48 3 Overview on GHG calculation tools Project BioGrace Biofuel Greenhouse Gas emissions: alignment of calculations in Europe Aim of project: Harmonise calculations of biofuel greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions performed in EU-27 under legislation implementing the Renewable Energy and Fuel Quality directives 48

49 3 Overview on GHG calculation tools Key objectives Cause transparency Reproduce biofuel default GHG values (Annex V RED) Cause harmonization Cause that GHG calculation tools give the same results Facilitate stakeholders Allow relevant stakeholders to calculate actual values Disseminate results Make our results public to all relevant stakeholders 49

50 3 Overview on GHG calculation tools Outcomes of the BioGrace project Excel-based calculation sheet User manual Calculation rules BioGrace has been recognized by the European Commission only recognized GHG calculation tool at European level can be used by certification systems 50

51 3 Overview on GHG calculation tools Harmonisation One list of standard values Version 3 - Public STANDARD VALUES Condensed list of standard values, version 3 - Public This file gives the standard values as published on in Word format. Two Word versions of this list exist: 1. A complete list of standard values, containing all the values as listed in the Excel version 2. A condensed list showing the most important standard values This file contains the condensed list. Abbreviations and definitions used can be found in the Excel file on the web page LHV Fuel Transport exhaust gas parameter: GHG emission coefficient Fossil energy input Density MJ/kg efficiency emissions unit: gco 2/kg gch 4/kg gn 2O/kg gco 2-eq/kg gco 2/MJ gch 4/MJ gn 2O/MJ gco 2-eq/MJ MJ fossil/kg MJ fossil/mj kg/m3 (at 0% water) MJ/t.km gch 4/t.km gn 2O/t.km Global Warming Potentials (GWP's) CO 2 1 CH 4 23 N 2O Global Warming potentials CO 2 1 g CO 2,eq / g CO 2 CH 4 23 g CO 2,eq / g CH 4 Agro inputs N-fertiliser 2827,0 8,68 9, ,6 48,99 P 2O 5-fertiliser 964,9 1,33 0, ,7 15,23 K 2O-fertiliser 536,3 1,57 0, ,1 9,68 CaO-fertiliser 119,1 0,22 0, ,5 1,97 Pesticides 9886,5 25,53 1, ,3 268,40 Seeds- corn Seeds- rapeseed 412,1 2 0,91GHG 1,0028emission 729,9 coefficients 7,87 Seeds- soy bean Seeds- sugarbeet 2187,7 4,60 4, ,3 36,29 Seeds- sugarcane 1,6 0,00 0,0000 1,6 0,02 Seeds- sunflower 412,1 0,91 1, ,9 7,87 Seeds- wheat 151,1 0,28 0, ,9 2,61 EFB compost (palm oil) 0,0 0,00 0,0000 0,0 0,00 N 2O 296 g CO 2,eq / g N 2O N-fertiliser 5880,6 g CO 2,eq/kg N P 2O 5-fertiliser 1010,7 g CO 2,eq/kg P 2O 5 K 2O-fertiliser 576,1 g CO 2,eq/kg K 2O Fuels- gasses Natural gas (4000 km, Russian NG quality) 61,58 0,1981 0, ,20 1,1281 Natural gas (4000 km, EU Mix qualilty) 62,96 0,1981 0, ,59 1,1281 CaO-fertiliser 129,5 g CO 2,eq/kg CaO Fuels- liquids Diesel 87, ,64 1, ,1 Gasoline ,2 HFO 84, ,98 1, ,5 Ethanol ,81 Methanol 92,80 0,2900 0, ,57 1, ,9 FAME ,2 Syn diesel (BtL) ,0 HVO ,0 Fuels / feedstock / byproducts - solids Hard coal 102,38 0,3835 0, ,28 1, ,5 Lignite 116,76 0,0091 0, ,98 1,0156 9,2 Corn 18,5 FFB 24,0 Rapeseed 26,4 Soybeans 23,5 Sugar beet 16,3 Sugar cane 19,6 Sunflowerseed 26,4 Wheat 17,0 Animal fat 37,1 BioOil (byproduct FAME from waste oil) 21,8 Crude vegetable oil 36,0 DDGS 16,0 Glycerol 16,0 Palm kernel meal 17,0 51

52 3 Overview on GHG calculation tools Harmonisation One list of standard values List of standard values is publicly available European Commission makes reference to list Several Member States use the list in national legislation When motivated, other standard values can be used Different rules have to be followed 52

53 3 Overview on GHG calculation tools Harmonisation calculation rules Have to be applied when making actual calculations with BioGrace for compliance with the RED Fill definition gaps in the RED methodology 53

54 3 Overview on GHG calculation tools Other tools More tools have been published for calculate for RED: RSB: Link to RSB tool National calculators German tool: Link to German tool Spanish tool: Link to Spanish tool UK tool: Link to UK tool Bonsucro and RBSA tools are not public (yet) RSPO palm oil calculator 54

55 3 Overview on GHG calculation tools Why are there so many tools? There are at least three reasons: Some tools already existed before BioGrace was made with the aim to harmonise calculations We could not use one of the existing tools for building the BioGrace tool: The owners of the other tools would not have agreed We wanted a transparent excel-based tool, the other tools were not Excel based and/or not fully transparent The other tools serve different uses (next sheet) 55

56 3 Overview on GHG calculation tools Different uses of tools Links to national biofuel regulation and/or reporting system (German tool, UK tool) Allows to use detailed agricultural data (NUTS-4) in calculations (Spanish tool) Allows calculations under different methodologies (RSB tool, both RSB methodology and RED methodology) To become EC voluntary scheme (BioGrace, others might follow) 56

57 3 Overview on GHG calculation tools Do these tools give the same results? BioGrace aimed to harmonise the national tools This harmonisation has been realised by (1) using the same standard values and (2) updating calculations (see next slide) Bonsucro, RBSA and RSB tools have not been part of this harmonisation approach BioGrace and RSB tools give different results (as shown above) 57

58 3 Overview on GHG calculation tools Do these tools give the same results? Results from harmonisation Table A RED Annex V/FQD Annex IV Diferences with BIOGRACE tool Diferences with de The Netherlands ANL The Netherlands ANL Germany Spain Biofuel production pathways Default value IFEU CIEMAT UK Ethanol wheat lignite 70 0,0 0,0-0,1 0,0-0,2 Ethanol wheat (proces fuel not specified) 70 0,0 0,0-0,1 0,1-0,2 Ethanol wheat (natural gas - steam boiler) 55 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0-0,4 Ethanol wheat (natural gas - CHP) 44 0,0 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,1 Ethanol wheat (straw) 26 0,0 0,0 0,0-0,6 0,0 Ethanol corn 43 0,0 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,4 Ethanol sugarbeet 40 0,0 0,0 0,6-0,2 0,1 Ethanol from sugarcane 24 0,0 0,0-0,2-0,1 0,0 Biodiesel rape seed 52 0,0-0,5 0,0-0,1-0,3 Biodiesel palm oil 68 0,0 0,3-0,1-0,2-2,0 Biodiesel palm oil (methane capture) 37 0,1 0,4-0,2-0,1 0,0 Biodiesel soy 58 0,1 0,0 0,1-0,2-1,0 Biodiesel sunflower 41 0,0-0,4 0,0-0,1-0,4 Biodiesel UCO 14 0,0 0,0 7,3 PVO rape seed 36 0,0 0,0 0,1-0,1-0,1 HVO rape seed 44 0,0 0,1-0,1 0,2 HVO palm oil 62 0,0 0,0-0,1-3,1 HVO palm oil (methane capture) 29 0,0 0,0-0,1 0,0 HVO sunflower 32 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,7 Biogas - dry manure 15 0,0 0,0 0,0-2,1 Biogas - wet manure 16 0,0-0,2 0,0-1,6 Biogas - Municipal organic waste. 23 0,0 0,0-0,1-1,6 58 Corn-to-Ethanol pathway: JEC has used a different electricity mix for the credit of the NG CHP (EU electricity mix instead of ele Ger IFEU

59 Content 1 Principles of GHG calculation 2 GHG calculation under the EU RED 3 Overview on GHG calculation tools 4 Introduction to BioGrace 59

60 4 Introduction to BioGrace Directory Includes all pathways for which RED-default values exist One calculation sheet per pathway Easy directing to other sheets 60

61 4 Introduction to BioGrace When actual calculations are done The Biograce rules must be followed The Global Warming Potentials as given in RED Track changes must be switched on: Highlights all changes Shows editor s name and old values in the comment field Calculations in this Excel sheet strictly follow the methodology as given in Directives 2009/28/EC and 2009/30/EC follow JEC calculations by using GWP values 25 for CH4 and 298 for N2O As explained in "About" under "Inconsistent use of GWP's" 61

62 4 Introduction to BioGrace Steps from cultivation to filling station The aggregation on top 62

63 4 Introduction to BioGrace Indication of actual (A) and default values (D) 63

64 4 Introduction to BioGrace Cultivation e ec Cultivation of rapeseed Quantity of product Calculated emissions Yield Yield Emissions per MJ FAME Rapeseed kg ha -1 year MJ Rapeseed ha -1 year -1 g CO 2 g CH 4 g N 2 O g CO 2, eq Moisture content 10,0% 1,000 MJ / MJ Rapeseed, input By-product Straw n/a kg ha -1 year -1 0,073 kg Rapeseed /MJ FAME Energy consumption Diesel MJ ha -1 year -1 6,07 0,00 0,00 6,07 Agro chemicals N-fertiliser (kg N) 137,4 kg N ha -1 year -1 9,08 0,03 0,03 19,00 CaO-fertiliser (kg CaO) 19,0 kg CaO ha -1 year -1 0,05 0,00 0,00 0,06 K 2 O-fertiliser (kg K 2 O) 49,5 kg K 2 O ha -1 year -1 0,62 0,00 0,00 0,67 P 2 O 5 -fertiliser (kg P 2 O 5 ) 33,7 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 year -1 0,76 0,00 0,00 0,80 Pesticides 1,2 kg ha -1 year -1 0,28 0,00 0,00 0,32 Seeding material Seeds- rapeseed 6 kg ha -1 year -1 0,06 0,00 0,00 0,10 Field N 2 O emissions 3,10 kg ha -1 year -1 0,00 0,00 0,07 21,61 Total 16,92 0,03 0,10 48,63 Result g CO 2,eq / MJ FAME 48,63 fill in actual data 64

65 4 Introduction to BioGrace Yield fill in actual data Rapeseed kg ha -1 year -1 Moisture content 10,0% By-product Straw n/a kg ha -1 year -1 Energy consumption Diesel MJ ha -1 year -1 Agro chemicals N-fertiliser (kg N) 137,4 kg N ha -1 year -1 CaO-fertiliser (kg CaO) 19,0 kg CaO ha -1 year -1 K 2 O-fertiliser (kg K 2 O) 49,5 kg K 2 O ha -1 year -1 P 2 O 5 -fertiliser (kg P 2 O 5 ) 33,7 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 year -1 Pesticides 1,2 kg ha -1 year -1 Seeding material Seeds- rapeseed 6 kg ha -1 year -1 Field N 2 O emissions 3,10 kg ha -1 year -1 Separate calculation sheet 65

66 4 Introduction to BioGrace Cultivation e ec Cultivation of rapeseed Quantity of product Calculated emissions Yield Yield Emissions per MJ FAME Rapeseed kg ha -1 year MJ Rapeseed ha -1 year -1 g CO 2 g CH 4 g N 2 O g CO 2, eq Moisture content 10,0% 1,000 MJ / MJ Rapeseed, input By-product Straw n/a kg ha -1 year -1 0,073 kg Rapeseed /MJ FAME Energy consumption Diesel MJ ha -1 year -1 6,07 0,00 0,00 6,07 Agro chemicals N-fertiliser (kg N) 137,4 kg N ha -1 year -1 9,08 0,03 0,03 19,00 CaO-fertiliser (kg CaO) 19,0 kg CaO ha -1 year -1 0,05 0,00 0,00 0,06 K 2 O-fertiliser (kg K 2 O) 49,5 kg K 2 O ha -1 year -1 0,62 0,00 0,00 0,67 conversion factors yield related P 2 O 5 -fertiliser (kg P 2 O 5 ) 33,7 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 year -1 0,76 0,00 0,00 0,80 Pesticides 1,2 kg ha -1 year -1 0,28 0,00 0,00 0,32 Seeding material Seeds- rapeseed 6 kg ha -1 year -1 0,06 0,00 0,00 0,10 Field N 2 O emissions 3,10 kg ha -1 year -1 0,00 0,00 0,07 21,61 Total 16,92 0,03 0,10 48,63 Result g CO 2,eq / MJ FAME 48,63 fill in actual data 66

67 4 Introduction to BioGrace Cultivation e ec multiplying input values with standard values Cultivation of rapeseed Quantity of product Calculated emissions Yield Yield Emissions per MJ FAME Rapeseed kg ha -1 year MJ Rapeseed ha -1 year -1 g CO 2 g CH 4 g N 2 O g CO 2, eq Moisture content 10,0% 1,000 MJ / MJ Rapeseed, input By-product Straw n/a kg ha -1 year -1 0,073 kg Rapeseed /MJ FAME conversion factors yield related Energy consumption Diesel MJ ha -1 year -1 6,07 0,00 0,00 6,07 Agro chemicals N-fertiliser (kg N) 137,4 kg N ha -1 year -1 9,08 0,03 0,03 19,00 CaO-fertiliser (kg CaO) 19,0 kg CaO ha -1 year -1 0,05 0,00 0,00 0,06 K 2 O-fertiliser (kg K 2 O) 49,5 kg K 2 O ha -1 year -1 0,62 0,00 0,00 0,67 P 2 O 5 -fertiliser (kg P 2 O 5 ) 33,7 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 year -1 0,76 0,00 0,00 0,80 Pesticides 1,2 kg ha -1 year -1 0,28 0,00 0,00 0,32 Seeding material Seeds- rapeseed 6 kg ha -1 year -1 0,06 0,00 0,00 0,10 Field N 2 O emissions 3,10 kg ha -1 year -1 0,00 0,00 0,07 21,61 Total 16,92 0,03 0,10 48,63 fill in actual data Result g CO 2,eq / MJ FAME 48,63 67

68 4 Introduction to BioGrace Cultivation e ec Cultivation of rapeseed Yield Rapeseed Moisture content By-product Straw g CO 2, eq Results related to raw material or acreage Info per kg rapeseed g CO 2, eq per ha, year kg CO 2, eq Energy consumption Diesel 6,07 83,40 259,7 Agro chemicals N-fertiliser (kg N) CaO-fertiliser (kg CaO) K 2 O-fertiliser (kg K 2 O) P 2 O 5 -fertiliser (kg P 2 O 5 ) Pesticides 19,00 0,06 0,67 0,80 0,32 261,19 813,2 0,79 2,5 9,20 28,6 10,96 34,1 4,36 13,6 Seeding material Seeds- rapeseed Field N 2 O emissions 0,10 21,61 48,63 1,41 4,4 296,99 924,7 668, ,7 48,63 68

69 4 Introduction to BioGrace Processing e p Step 1, oil extraction Extraction of oil Quantity of product Calculated emissions Yield Emissions per MJ FAME Crude vegetable oil 0,6125 MJ Oil / MJ Rapeseed MJ Oil ha -1 year -1 g CO 2 g CH 4 g N 2 O g CO 2, eq By-product Rapeseed cake 0,3875 MJ Rapeseed cake / MJ Rapeseed 0,606 MJ / MJ Rapeseed, input 0,029 kg Oil / MJ FAME Energy consumption Electricity EU mix MV 0,0118 MJ / MJ Oil 1,47 0,00 0,00 1,58 Steam (from NG boiler) 0,0557 MJ / MJ Oil NG Boiler Emissions from NG boiler CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from NG boiler 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,02 Natural gas input / MJ steam 1,111 MJ / MJ Steam Natural gas (4000 km, EU Mix 0,062 MJ / MJ Oil 4,08 0,01 0,00 4,41 Electricity input / MJ steam 0,020 MJ / MJ Steam Electricity EU mix MV 0,001 MJ / MJ Oil 0,14 0,00 0,00 0,15 Chemicals n-hexane 0,0043 MJ / MJ Oil 0,36 0,00 0,00 0,37 Total 6,06 0,02 0,00 6,53 fill in actual data Result g CO 2,eq / MJ FAME 6,53 69

70 4 Introduction to BioGrace Transport e td of FAME Transport of FAME to and from depot Quantity of product Calculated emissions FAME 1,000 MJ FAME / MJ FAME 42790,9 MJ FAME ha -1 year -1 Emissions per MJ FAME 0,578 MJ / MJ Rapeseed, input g CO 2 g CH 4 g N 2 O g CO 2, eq Transport per Truck for liquids (Diesel) 300 km 0,0047 ton km / MJ Rapeseed, input 0,71 0,00 0,00 0,71 Fuel Diesel Energy cons. depot Electricity EU mix LV 0,00084 MJ / MJ FAME 0,10 0,00 0,00 0,11 Result g CO 2,eq / MJ FAME 0,8225 fill in actual data Filling station Filling station Quantity of product Yield 1,000 MJ FAME / MJ FAME 42790,9 MJ FAME ha -1 year -1 Emissions per MJ FAME 0,578 MJ / MJ Rapeseed, input g CO 2 g CH 4 g N 2 O g CO 2, eq Energy consumption Electricity EU mix LV 0,0034 MJ / MJ FAME 0,41 0,00 0,00 0,44 Result g CO 2,eq / MJ FAME 0,44 70

71 4 Introduction to BioGrace Allocation Allocation of emissions of product and co-product is done by energy content (LHV) Summerised in the overview on top Allocation factors Extraction of oil 61,3% to Rapeseed oil 38,7% to Rapeseed cake Esterification 95,7% to FAME 4,3% to Refined glycerol 71

72 4 Introduction to BioGrace Introduction standard values Input data Standard values ( conversion factors ) Cultivation of rapeseed Yield Calculated emissions Emissions per MJ FAME Rapeseed kg ha -1 year -1 g CO 2 g CH 4 g N 2 O g CO 2, eq Moisture content 10,0% By-product Straw n/a kg ha -1 year -1 Energy consumption Diesel MJ ha -1 year -1 6,07 0,00 0,00 6,07 Agro chemicals N-fertiliser 137,4 kg N ha -1 year -1 9,08 0,03 0,03 18,89 CaO-fertiliser 19,0 kg CaO ha -1 year -1 0,05 0,00 0,00 0,06 K 2 O-fertiliser 49,5 kg K 2 O ha -1 year -1 0,62 0,00 0,00 0,67 STANDARD VALUES P 2 O 5 -fertiliser 33,7 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 year -1 0,76 0,00 0,00 0,80 Pesticides 1,2 kg ha -1 year -1 parameter: GHG emission coefficient unit: gco0,28 2 /kg gch0,00 4 /kg gn 2 0,00 O/kg gco0,32 2-eq /kg N-fertiliser 2827,0 8,68 9, ,6 Seeding material Seeds- rapeseed 6 kg ha -1 year -1 0,06 0,00 0,00 0,10 72

73 4 Introduction to BioGrace List of standard values 73

74 4 Introduction to BioGrace User defined standard values Fill in user defined standard values in list 74

75 4 Introduction to BioGrace Lists of standard values List of standard values All values that are needed for calculating the default values Included in the tool List of additional standard values More useful standard values (e.g. mineral fertilizers, conversion inputs (process chemicals), national electricity grids, solid and gaseous biomass sources for energy, transport (pipeline)) Available as extra file Values have to be transferred manually into the BioGrace tool 75

76 4 Introduction to BioGrace BioGrace tool - Summary Rather easy to modify or build new pathways Own defined standard values and additional standard values With track changes on easy to verify Status Version 4c has been recognised by EC as Voluntary scheme Tool is online After the updates from EU (with new chains) the tool will be updated 76

77 4 Introduction to BioGrace Summary LCAs can lead to very different results Subject to different methodologies used Subject to different system definitions Subject to different data used LCAs used in the regulatory or reporting context require unambigous results Methodology has to avoid large bandwidth Methodology has to be clearly defined Harmonisation of background data helps in the process GHG tools exist to assist in calculation 77

78 Thank you for your attention Susanne Köppen ifeu - Institute for energy and Environmental research Heidelberg GmbH Wilckensstraße Heidelberg Germany Fon: +49 (0) 6221 / Fax: +49 (0) 6221 / susanne.koeppen@ifeu.de 78