GHG Emissions from biofuels in the Renewable Energy Directive

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1 1 GHG Emissions from biofuels in the Renewable Energy Directive Robert Edwards EC-Joint Research Centre Ispra, Italy Euroclima International Workshop on The environmental impacts of fuel production in Latin America INTA, Buenos Aires, March 2011

2 ALTERNATIVES TO DEFAULT EMISSIONS 1. Producers calculate actual emissions for cultivation or other steps. Guidelines just published. 2. Annex (point 6) says you can make averages for cultivation emissions for defined geographic areas but then the Directive says member states must check the claims. That could mean several bilateral processes of justification. 3. Voluntary schemes article 18(4), second sub paragraph: the Commission can recognize voluntary schemes. That could cover all producers in a region. The Commission would then check whether the voluntary scheme ensures that the claimed emissions would be correct.

3 DEFAULT VALUES IF you don t have a default value for a defined geographic area AND you aren t in a voluntary scheme AND you can t (or don t want to) calculate actual emissions for your batch of biofuels THEN you must use the default value in the Renewable Energies Directive

4 DEFAULT FACTORS RULES Cultivation - not including farm machinery manufacture - with EU emissions for fertilizer manufacture*, fuel, electricity - soil N 2 O from Global N 2 O Calculator (talk by Renate Koeble), weighted by suppliers to EU market - not including soil C changes (at least, so far) - so far did not include energy for irrigation - (rules on not using some types of land) *EU values generally lower than rest-of-the world, especially with ETS

5 DEFAULT EMISSIONS RULES Processing - Allocation to products of the (emissions from the process + upstream emissions) to products in proportion to the lower heating value of the products DEFAULT VALUE = ACTUAL VALUE + 40% of PROCESSING emissions

6 WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY LOWER HEATING VALUE? There are 2 definitions for moist material: 1. heat from burning the dry part of the material (not including the energy in steam in the exhaust) 2. Like (1) but subtracting the energy to evaporate the water in the material The Commission says in a 2008 Communication: for allocation you must use the second definition but our emissions calculation tool works internally with the first definition (but we can get round it)

7 Consequences of wet definition The Lower Heat Value of wet materials decreases Therefore wet by-products (like wet Distillers Grains with Solubles; DDGS) get less allocation than dry ones

8 WORLD DEFAULT VALUES We prefer estimating world defaults because otherwise every country without a default can complain. The defaults are intended to represent the weighted average emissions of suppliers to EU market. (for oilseeds that is in veg-oil equivalents, for all purposes.) Data from world sources where possible: - International Fertilizer Asssociation/FAO - GNOC N2O calculator

9 weighting fractions for world soy-beans inputs - Calculated from latest (2008) FAO data on imports to EU: total of oil and seeds-as-oil-equivalent - GNOC finds weighted average of N2O emissions per tonne of all suppliers to EU market, - but for farm inputs we only have data for major suppliers This is the weighted average of the 3 major exporters to EU. We do not have farming data (except N fertilizer) for other producers. (oil + oil-equivalents) % EU supply Corrected to make 100 % Argentina Brasil USA TOTAL

10 draft input data for default value calculation: Diesel Inputs to soy cultivation DIESEL MJ/ha l/1000 kg soybean MJ/MJ soybean Argentina Brasil USA REF 20 MJ/kg soybean 2 INTA document [UBA 1999] MJ/l diesel 1 [UBA 1999} Kraus, K.; Niklas, G.; Tappe, M.; German National Environment Agency: Aktuelle Bewertung des Einsatzes von Rapsöl/RME im Vergleich zu DK; Texte 79/99; ISSN X 2 J. Muzio et al. Argentina's Technical Comments.on biodiesel from soy bean 21/01/09 INTA document IIR-BC- INF by Instituto Nacional de Technologia Agropecuaria (INTA). It says 1660 MJ/ha diesel 3 Omnitech international, Feb "lifecycle impact of soybean production and soy industrial prodcts", report prepared for United Soybean Board (sent to JRC)

11 Diesel: weighted average DIESEL weighted % imported MJ/MJ soybean MJ/MJs oybean based on import Argentina brasil USA TOTAL

12 PESTICIDES, HERBICIDES ETC. kg/ton soybean % contributio n to kg/ton based on import kg/mjsoybean Argentina Brasil USA TOTAL

13 TRUCK TRANSORT DISTANCE Km % contribution to kg/ton based on import contribution to weighted av km Argentina Typical distance grower to Sata Fe/Rosario Brasil From map (actually 1000km for e.g. Goiana) USA SB production map: TOTAL

14 soybean/oil ship transport SHIPPING+BARGE DISTANCES to Rotterdam Comment nautical miles sea km sea km barge ocean + 2x barge % contributio n to weighted av km Argentina (la Plata) Maritime transport Brasil (Rio de Janeiro) Maritime transport USA Memphis via New Orleans) Inland ship

15 oil mill (same as in EU) Oil mill soya cake allocation 0 I/O Unit Amount Electricity Input MJ/MJ oil n-hexane Input MJ/MJ oil Soybeans Input MJ/MJ oil Steam Input MJ/MJ oil Vegetable oil Output MJ kg oil/(t soybeans) [1], [7] W water content in kg/kg LHV MJ MJ, soybean cake = 18.5 (1 0.11) kg kg 1000 MJ/(t soybeans) [1] 36.6 MJ/(kg soybean oil) 794 kg cake/(t soybeans) [7] MJ/kg [4], [5] Water content (cake) 11.0% [6] wet

16 Common refining process: Refining of vegetable oil from soybean I/O Unit Amount Electricity Input MJ/MJ oil H3PO4 Input kg/mj oil NaOH Input kg/mj oil Crude vegetable oil Input MJ/MJ oil Steam Input MJ/MJ oil Plant oil Output MJ European Biodiesel Board, July 2009

17 Esterification Esterification Glyerol allocation 0 (same as in EU) I/O Unit Amount Electricity Input MJ/MJ FAME Sodium methylate (Na(C Input kg/mj FAME HCl Input kg/mj FAME Methanol Input MJ/MJ FAME Plant oil Input MJ/MJ FAME Steam Input MJ/MJ FAME FAME Output MJ Data sources: European Biofuels Board 2009 and Sofiprotéol 2008 Average of modern plant using proprietary technology (Lurgi, This assumes glycerine is distilled, and this gets an allocation of the emissions (if glycerine is exported crude it gets no allocation; similar overall result) kg glycerol/(t RME) 16 MJ/(kg glyerol) [4] 1229 MJ/(t RME) 37.2 MJ/(kg RME) [2]

18 Process heat, from Natural Gas Steam generation I/O Unit Amount NG Input MJ/MJ steam Electricity Input MJ/MJ steam Steam Output MJ EU upstream emissions for NG assumed + EU distribution

19 FAME from soybeans, soymeal and glycerol taken into account via allocaton by energy gco2e/mj final fuel Cultivation* 8.99 Road transport, 509 km** 2.03 Transport to EU (Mix) Oil mill 5.27 Refining, esterification 9.62 Transport to refuelling station 1) 0.83 Refuelling station 0.44 Total WTT GHG emitted 37.8 % GHG savings, typical 57% % GHG savings, default 50% *N2O from GNOC, assuming IPCC value for below-ground N **~3g less if oil is transported instead of beans

20 DRAFT JRC CALCULATION March 2011 FAME from soybeans, soymeal and glycerol taken into account via allocation by energy rounded gco2e/mj final fuel cultivation 9 9 processing transport total % GHG savings 57% 50% *N2O from GNOC, assuming IPCC value for below-ground N **~3g less if oil is transported instead of beans

GHG LCA of soybean-based biodiesel

GHG LCA of soybean-based biodiesel The implications of alternative LUC scenarios Érica Castanheira & Fausto Freire ADAI-LAETA, Center for Industrial Ecology University of Coimbra - Portugal http://www2.dem.uc.pt/centerindustrialecology