Sustainable Personal Electric Transportation: EVs, PHEVs, and FCVs Andrew Burke Institute of Transportation Studies University of California-Davis

Transcription

1 Sustainable Personal Electric Transportation: EVs, PHEVs, and FCVs Andrew Burke Institute of Transportation Studies University of California-Davis Renewable Energy Workshop UC Santa Cruz August 1-2, 2011

2 Outline of the presentation 1. Sustainable in personal transportation 2. Battery-powered vehicles EVs 3. Plug-in vehicles PHEVs 4. Fuel cell-powered vehicles FCVs 5. Comparisons of the technologies 6. Summary and conclusions

3 Sustainable Personal Electric Transportation Replaces light-duty vehicles used by individuals and families Driveline utilizes electric drive components Fuels and electricity from renewable sources

4 Vehicle technologies considered Battery-powered EVs Plug-in hybrids PHEVs Fuel cell-powered FCVs

5 Summary of the performance characteristics of lithium-ion batteries of various chemistries Battery Developer/ Cell type Enerdel HEV Enerdel EV/PHEV Kokam prismatic Saft Cylind. GAIA Cylind. A123 Cylind. Altairnano prismatic Altairnano prismatic Quallion Cylind. Quallion Cylind. EIG prismatic EIG prismatic Panasonic EV prismatic Electrode chemistry Voltage range Ah Resist. mohm Wh/k g W/kg 90% effic.* W/kg Match. Imped. Wgt. (kg) Density gm/cm 3 Graphite/ Ni MnO Graphite/ Ni MnO Graphite/ NiCoMnO2 Graphite/ NiCoAl Graphite/ NiCoMnO Graphite/Iro n Phosph. LiTiO/ NiMnO2 LiTiO/ NiMnO2 Graphite/ NiCo Graphite/ NiCo Graphite/ NiCoMnO2 Graphite/Iro n Phosph. 2.0 Ni Metal hydride * power density P= Eff.*(1-Eff.) Voc 2 /R, P match. imped. = V 2 /4R

6 Characteristics of lithium-ion batteries using various chemistries Chemistry Anode/cathode Cell voltage Max/nom. Ah/gm Anode/cathode Energy density Wh/kg Cycle life (deep) Thermal stability Graphite/ NiCoMnO 2 4.2/3.6.36/ fairly stable Graphite/ Mn spinel 4.0/3.6.36/ fairly stable Graphite/ NiCoAlO 2 4.2/3.6.36/ least stable Graphite/ iron phosphate 3.65/ / >3000 Stable Lithium titanate/ Mn spinel 2.8/2.4.18/ >5000 most stable

7 Sustainable energy for transportation Electricity PV Wind Solar thermal Bio-fuels Wastes Energy crops Hydrogen Renewable electricity Bio-materials Direct solar conversion

8 Battery-powered vehicles EVs

9 Characteristics of battery electric vehicles (EV) of various types Vehicle type Vehicle test weight kg Battery Wgt. kg (1) Battery kwh stored (2) Electric motor kw (3) Required Battery pulse power W/kg (4) Wh/mi from battery (5) 0-60 mph Sec Cars Compact Mid-size Full SUV Small Mid-size Full (1) Lithium-ion battery with an energy density of 120 Wh/kg (2) All vehicles have a range of 100 miles (3) Peak motor power (4) Peak pulsed power required from the battery at 90% efficiency (5) Average energy consumption on the FUDS and FHWAY drive cycles

10 Energy requirements of EVs kwh required Vehicle type Wh/mi Wall-plug Range 75 mi Range 100 mi Range 150 mi Daily use 30 mi Compact car Mid-size car Small SUV Mid-size SUV

11 PV systems with battery energy storage PV Panel DC Side DC/DC Charge Controller Battery DC/AC Inverter AC Side Load Grid

12 Plug-in Hybrids Use both liquid fuel and wall-plug electricity Ratio of two energies depends on the all-electric range and the use pattern of the vehicle

13 Battery sizing and power density for plug-in hybrid vehicles for various all-electric range and electric motor power (mid-size passenger car) Electric motor kw Engine power kw Battery kwh *needed Battery kwh** stored Range miles Battery kg*** Battery kw/kg * Vehicle energy useage from the battery: 250 Wh/mi ** Useable state-of-charge for batteries: 70%, weights shown are for cells only *** battery energy density 120Wh/kg For home PV would want to generate kwh needed to recharge the battery

14 Fuel cell-powered vehicles (mid-size car) Hydrogen fueled high pressure gas storage onboard the vehicle 3-4 kg H2 PEM fuel cell kw Small lithium-ion battery or ultracapacitor kw electric motor mpg fuel economy equivalent

15 Powertrain configurations for fuel cell vehicles

16 Pressure Control Motor Humidifier Anode Side MEA Cathode Side Purge Control Direct hydrogen fuel cell system schematic diagram Water Management Thermal Management H2 Storage Cooling Air Compressor Inlet/Supply Manifold Humidifier Exhaust Condenser & Water Separator Expander Back Pressure Control Valve Outlet/Return Manifold Fuel Cell Stack

17 Fuel Economy projections for fuel cell-battery vehicles Compact SUVs mpg UCD DOE UCD DOE UCD DOE UDDS HWY US Vehicle Configuration C D A F (m 2 ) Fr FC (kw) Motor (kw) Batter (kwh) Vehicle Test Weight (kg) Elec. Acc Load (W)

18 SUMMARY OF COST RESULTS FOR A MIDSIZE PASSENGER CAR IN 2030 Component cost assumptions (changes in retail price of the vehicle): Added vehicle cost to reduce drag and weight, $1,600 Advanced engine/transmission, $45/kW Standard engine/transmission, $32/kW Electric motor and electronics, $467 + $27.6/kW Batteries $/kg = $/kwh x Wh/kg /1000 Fuel cell, $30/kW $75/kW Battery Inputs Real-World mpg $/kwh Wh/kg $/kg 27.1 Vehicle Cost Differential Discounted Break-even Gas Price Vehicle Configuration Energy Saved Baseline vehicle 2007 Adv. ICE $3095 $3.62/gal 1 HEV $3204 $2.61/gal $3003 $2.45/gal $2802 $2.29/gal 1 PHEV $6409 $5.03/gal 1 $3.64/gal $5605 $4.40/gal 1 $3.19/gal $4801 $3.77/gal 1 $2.73/gal 2 PHEV $10,228 $6.58/gal 1 $4.77/gal $8218 $5.29/gal 1 $3.83/gal $6208 $3.99/gal 1 $2.89/gal 2 FCHEV 89.8 $75/kW FC $7549 $5.47/gal 1 $3.31/gal 3 $50/kW FC $5549 $4.02/gal 1 $2.43/gal 3 $30/kW FC $3949 $2.86/gal 1 Battery electric BEV Range 100 mi. Equiv. 176 $ wallplug $1.73/gal (1) 8.09 (3) $ $ Notes: 1. 5 years and 4% discount rate, 12,000 miles/yr years and 10% discount rate, 12,000 miles/yr years and 6% discount rate, 12,000 miles/yr 7.90 (1) 6.04 (3) 5.06 (1) 3.99 (3)

19 2030 Breakeven fuel price $/gal gasoline equiv. Vehicle design 2007 ICE baseline Adv. ICE baseline HEV baseline Battery electric * 5 yr at 4% disc. battery cost w/o with w/o with w/o with $/kwh disc. disc disc. disc disc. disc yr at 10% disc. battery cost $/kwh w/o with w/o with w/o with disc. disc disc. disc disc. disc PHEV large battery ** 5 yr at 4% disc battery cost $/kwh w/o with w/o with w/o with disc. disc. disc. disc. disc. disc yr at 10% disc battery cost $/kwh w/o with w/o with w/o with disc. disc. disc. disc. disc. disc Fuel cell HEV*** 5 yr at 4% disc fuel cell cost $/kw w/o with w/o with w/o with disc. disc. disc. disc. disc. disc yr at 10% disc fuel cell cost $/kw w/o with w/o with w/o with disc. disc. disc. disc. disc. disc * electric cost 8 /kwh; miles/yr. ** 65% of miles on electricity, 12,000 miles/yr. *** fuel cell cost includes hydrogen storage at $10/kWh, 4 kg H2; $3.5/kg H2

20 Summary and conclusions Sustainability is feasible using electrified powertrains Battery-powered EVs and distributed PV are the most near-term technologies for sustainability Plug-in vehicles (PHEVs) with all-electric range of miles and distributed PV are an alternative Battery costs of $ /kWh are needed for market competitiveness with ICE and HEVs Fuel cell vehicles are a long term option and offer sustainability if the hydrogen is produced using renewable sources