Ultracapacitor Technology: Present and Future Performance and Applications
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1 Ultracapacitor Technology: Present and Future Performance and Applications Andrew Burke Marshall Miller Nathan Parker Paper presented at the Advanced Capacitor World Summit 2004 Washington, D.C., July 14-16, 2004
2 Outline of the Presentation Present status of ultracapacitor technology Carbon/carbon Psuedo-capacitive/hybrid Recent test data V modules Small single cells Prospects for future developments Vehicle and stationary applications With fuel cells In mild hybrids
3 Carbon/carbon Ultracapacitors Device V rated C (F) R (mohm) RC (sec) Wh/kg W/kg (95%) (2) W/kg Match. Imped. (1) Maxwell** Ness Ness (3) Ness Ness Ness Asahi Glass (propylene carbonate) Panasonic (propylene carbonate) Wgt. (kg) (estimated) Panasonic Panasonic EPCOS EPCOS Montena Montena Okamura Power Sys ESMA (1) Energy density at 400 W/kg constant power, Vrated - 1/2 Vrated (2) Power based on P=9/16*(1-EF)*V2/R, EF=efficiency of discharge ** Except where noted, all the devices use acetonitrile as the electrolyte (3) Psuedo-caps from Ness using carbon/metal oxide electrodes Vol. lit..151
4 Characteristics of psuedo-capacitor technologies Device Ness Pseudocap Okamura Ashasi Glass Electrode Materials Electrolyte Voltage Wh/kg/ Wh/L (W/kg) 90% Status Carbon/ metal oxide Organic / Commercial Intercalation into graphite Intercalation into a mix of activated carbon and graphite Organic / Organic / Telcordia LiTi/carbon Organic / Atlantic Carbon/ Aqueous, University, NiOOH KOH 15/ Russians UC Davis, Russians Carbon/PbO2 Aqueous, Sulfuric Acid Lab proto-types Lab proto-types Lab proto- Types Commercial and small lab devices 15/ Small lab cells
5 45 V Ness ultracapacitor module
6 Constant power test data for the Ness 45V module Power Power density (W/kg)* Energy Energy density kw Cycle Wh (Wh/kg)* *energy and power density based on weight of the cells in the module (weight of the cells is 12.1 kg)
7 PSFUDS Power Vs Time Maximum power step W/kg =500 based on weight of cells alone Time (sec) Roundtrip Efficiencies for the Ness 45V Module on the PSFUDS cycle Cycle* Energy in Wh Energy out Wh Efficiency % *PSFUDS power profile based on maximum power of 500 W/kg and the weight of the cells alone
8 Characteristics of various ultracapacitor modules Module Weight (kg) Volume (liters) Voltage Wh Power(kW) (90% effic.) Weight packaging Factor Volume packaging factor Ness (1) (194 F) (with cooling) Maxwell (2) (135 F) (with cooling) Asahi Glass (3) (80 F) Not avail..50 (without cooling) (1) tested at UC Davis (Reference 9) (2) tested at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (3) specifications from References (7)
9 Tests of small ultracap cells from Ness
10 Constant current test data Ness 10F carbon/carbon Ness 120F Psuedo-cap Current (A) Capacitance (F) Current (A) Capacitance (F) V 0 = 2.7 V 0 =2.3 Resistance = 25 mohm Resistance=21 mohm (from pulse tests)
11 Constant power test data 10 F 120 F Power (W) W/kg Wh/kg Power (W) W/kg Wh/kg Voltage: Voltage: Weight =2.5 grams Weight = 17 grams Volume = 1.5 cm 3 Volume = 10 cm 3
12 Pulsed charging and discharging of ultracaps Conventional thought is that the charge/discharge time should be large compared to the RC time constant of the device Testing has shown that this is not the case based on charging/discharging with pulses that are short compared to RC Capacitance is the same for pulse charging/discharging as for operation at the average current Tests used pulses 5X average current and 1/30 RC Test data on the following slides This finding greatly increases potential applications of ultracapacitors in electronic circuits for consumers
13
14 Voltage vs. time trace for pulse charge/discharge of the Ness 10 F carbon/carbon device Current Voltage Test_Time 0
15 Voltage vs. time trace for pulse charging/discharging of the 120F Ness psuedo-cap device
16 Pulse charging/discharging results for the short duration pulses Device Pulse duration RC/pulse Capacitance Resistance 10 F.01 sec mohm 120 F.05 sec mohm
17 Future developments in ultracapacitor cells and modules Year Cell Wh/kg Cell Wh/liter Cell Power density W/kg (90%) Weight packing factor (without fan) Volume packing factor (without fan) Present Carbon/carbon Mixed carbons Carbon/ Metal oxide hybrid capac Carbon/PbO Balancing circuits that do not effect self-discharge
18 Vehicle and stationary applications With fuel cells
19 Comparison of the Model with the Data
20 Vehicle applications Engine starting with lead-acid batteries Mild hybrid vehicles 42 V systems with lead-acid batteries 150 V systems capacitors alone
21 Mild hybrid-electric vehicles (42V systems) 5-8kW less than 50Wh useable energy Lead-acid batteries with ultracapacitors Battery: 12V, 300 Wh, 10 kg, 5 liters Capacitors: 45V, 40 Wh, 12 kw, 10 kg, 10.5 liter Ultracap modules close to those presently available Interface electronics to match 12V to 45V
22 Mild hybrid-electric vehicles (150V systems) Vehicle class Test Weight kg Engine kw Motor kw Wh Bat/Cap Battery Kg * Capacitor Kg ** Liters Liters Compact car / Mid-size car / Full-size car / All vehicles have CVT transmissions and port fuel-injected gasoline engines *Nickel metal hydride batteries 45Wh/kg 79 Wh/liter ** Advanced ultracapacitors 9 Wh/kg 11 Wh/liter
23 Fuel economy simulation (Advisor) results using batteries and ultracapacitors in Mild (150V) hybrid passenger cars Compact Car Driving cycle Small cap (94Wh) Fuel economy mpg Large cap (180 Wh) Ni mt.hydride battery FUDS Fed. HW US EC-EUDC Mid-size Car Fuel economy mpg Driving cycle Small cap (150 Wh) Large cap (293 Wh) Ni mt.hydride battery FUDS Fed. HW US EC-EUDC Full-size Car Fuel economy mpg Driving cycle Small cap (210 Wh) Large cap (405 Wh) Ni mt.hydride battery FUDS Fed. HW US EC-EUDC
24 Economic and cycle life considerations Present costs are 2-3 cents per Farad for 2.7V devices Target cost is 1 cent per Farad Corresponds to $15/Wh and $50/kW for 2.7V, 5 Wh/kg, and 1500 W/kg devices Target cost for auto applications is $20/kW Corresponds to.4 cents per Farad and $6/Wh Carbon costs of $10-$20/kg needed for low cost ultracaps Cycle life of at least 500 K for carbon/carbon devices Cycle life of at least 100 K for psuedo/hybrid devices
25 Summary and conclusions Performance of carbon/carbon ultracapacitors continues to improve- presently Wh/kg useable energy R&D progressing on psuedo/hybrid devices with reasonable prospects for Wh/kg and W/kg power at high (90%) efficiency Renewed interest in ultracaps for vehicle applications Products of ultracaps with lead-acid batteries for engine starting are near to market Ultracaps in mild hybrid-electric vehicles look promising Ultracaps function very well in fuel cell systems
26 Summary and conclusions (cont.) Present prices are 2-3 cents per Farad for large, 2.7 V devices Prices are decreasing and are expected to continue to decrease Prices need to decrease to about.25 cents per Farad to be competitive with Ni metal hydride batteries in hybrids Cost of carbon is a key issue. Carbon costs of $10-$20/kg seem to be required for low cost ultracaps Meeting cycle life targets of at least 500K is critical for hybrid vehicle applications
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