Lithium-Ion Battery Simulation for Greener Ford Vehicles

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1 Lithium-Ion Battery Simulation for Greener Ford Vehicles October 13, 2011 COMSOL Conference 2011 Boston, MA Dawn Bernardi, Ph.D.,

2 Outline Vehicle Electrification at Ford from Nickel/Metal-Hydride to Lithium-Ion Batteries The Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) The Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) The Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) Li-Ion Battery Chemistry Li-Ion Battery Modeling (HEV) Comparison of model calculations to experimental pulse/rest behavior Contributions to overvoltage during pulse and rest periods Model calculations of lithium distribution Sensitivity of voltage relaxation to particle characteristics Sensitivity of initial overvoltage to anisotropy in solid-state Li diffusivity 2

3 Ford s current HEV lineup utilizes Nickel/Metal Hydride Battery Technology 3

4 Ford s Next-Generation HEVs will use Lithium-Ion Battery Technology Fusion C-max Escape 4

5 Ford s Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles will use Lithium-Ion Battery Technology Advanced lithiumion battery provides up to 30 miles allelectric range C-max Energi 5

6 Ford s All-Electric Vehicles Focus Transit Connect 6

7 Lithium-Ion Battery Chemistry (-) CHARGE V DISCHARGE (+) e Li + Li + +e Li PF +e PF Li + PF 6 e 6 6 PF 6 Li + Li +e Li + Li +e Li + Li + PF 6 Li + Li + PF 6 PF 6 Li + PF 6 Li + PF 6 Li +e Li +e Carbon Electrolyte Metal oxide 7

8 Lithium-Ion Cell Model (-) (+) Journal of Power Sources, 196, (2011) 8

9 Discharge Current Pulse: Model vs. Experiment OCV (65% SOC) rest 9

10 Charge Current Pulse: Model vs. Experiment rest OCV (65% SOC) 10

11 Discharge Current Pulse: Model vs. Experiment OCV (65% SOC) rest 11

12 Current Pulse: Calculated Overvoltage Behavior The voltage relaxation period is about 200 s. What are the significant contributors to the overvoltage, especially during the rest period? 12

13 Calculated Overvoltage Primary contributors 1. electronic resistance of solid active material at the positive terminal 2. resistance to solid-state lithium transport in positive active material 3. separator resistance 13

14 Calculations: Solid-Phase Li Composition (at Particle Surfaces) Throughout the Electrodes Dimensionless Lithium Concentration x_avg in LixC6_surf Negative Cu foil Electrode Dimensionless Distance, L_neg Negative: Positive: 40 s 10.2 s 42 s 60 s >100 s 0 s 0.03 s 5 s 14.2 s 20.2 s Dimensionless y in Lithium Liy(NCA)O2_surf Concentration Separator Positive 0 s 10.2 s 5 s 20.2 s Reaction starts at the separator interface >100 s s Reaction starts at the Al current-collector interface Electrode Dimensionless Distance, L_pos s 40.6 s 40 s 40.1 s 46 s 0.03 s 42 s Al foil

15 Calculations: Solid-Phase Li Composition Throughout a Particle at the Al Current-Collector Interface in the Positive Electrode Dimensionless y Lithium in Liy(NCA)O2 Concentration 40 s 40.1 s s 42 s s 60 s s 20.2 s s 5 s 0.03 s 0 s Particle Dimensionless Radial Distance Center of Particle Surface of Particle These concentration variations are responsible for the overvoltage that persists during the rest period. 15

16 Calculations: Solid-Phase Li Composition Throughout a Particle at the Separator Interface in the Negative Electrode s s 50 Dimensionless Lithium x_avg in Concentration LixC s 60 s 100 s 42 s 40 s 20.2 s 10.2 s 5 s % LiC Particle Dimensionless Radial Distance Center of Particle Surface of Particle These composition variations are not responsible for overvoltage (because of the two-phase nature of the negative-electrode active material). 16

17 Calculations: 2-Dimensional Animation of Solid-Phase Li Composition Throughout Positive and Negative Electrodes Particle Dimensionless Radial Distance Negative Sep. Positive Cu foil Al foil 17

18 Calculations: Voltage relaxation time as a function of positive-electrode particle characteristics 18

19 Current Pulse: Model vs. Experiment (in the first 3 seconds) Could anisotropy of D Li pos explain the experimental behavior? 19

20 Current Pulse: Model vs. Experiment (in the first 3 seconds) Fixing the diffusivity at the particle periphery would reduce overvoltage. 20

21 Summary and Future Directions Weight, volume, and cost are driving the shift from nickel/metal-hydride to lithium-ion battery technology for automotive propulsion. Battery models can implicate resistive factors that reduce fuel economy. Positive electrode: electronic resistance of active material Positive electrode: solid-state lithium transport Low lithium diffusivity at particle peripheries may explain the initial steep voltage descent When compared to behavior throughout life, models can implicate life-limiting mechanisms. 21

22 Thank you for your attention!

23 Back-up slides

24 From Nickel/Metal Hydride to Lithium-Ion Batteries Specific Power (W/kg) NiMH High Power Specific Energy (Wh/kg) 24

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