Future Sustainable Propulsion Systems

Transcription

1 Future Sustainable Propulsion Systems Is There a Place For The Internal Combustion Engine? Ökobüro Veranstaltung Essen oder Fahren? Biofuels und Technologieentwicklung Graz RME BEV E95 Gerfried Cebrat, Dipl. Ing., Forschungsgesellschaft Mobilität - Austrian Mobility Research A 8010 Graz, Tel , gcebrat@fgm.at Co-authors: DI. Dusan Stacho VURUP, Slovakia Prof. Ivan Ivanov IVECOL, Bulgaria HEV CNG Catenary

2 About the Sugre Project EU-Sponsored accompanying measure Promoting Conversion Sustainable Green Fleets Dissemination of experiences and good practices in relation to alternative fuels and alternatively propelled vehicles Campaigning, addressing the public and stakeholders - communicating enabling factors for AF&APV in Europe s captive fleets. Duration 36 months now month Partners from all over Europe, active in 16 countries Budget 2.5 Mio. Lead by FGM-AMOR

3 Problem Set up High production yields Perception/ Problem Awareness Efficient farming Information/ Show cases Biofuel Compliant Vehicles Meeting Emission limits Biofuels usage Total Cost of Ownership Logistic problems Bio-Sceptics Resource Competition food-fuel-tourism The Biofuel usage is influenced by many parameters.

4 Trade off Efficiency/Flexibility with regards to biofuel usage Efficient LTC/ HCCI combined technology DICI Diesel SI Otto PICI Old diesel 2 nd generation biofuels only? Recent technological developments have deteriorated the situation for 1 st generation biofuels Abbreviations SI Spark Ignition CI Compression Ignition DI Direct Injection HC Homogeneous Charge PI Pre-chamber Injection LTC Low Temperature Combustion (premixed lean) usable for 1nd generation biofuels - Flexible

5 Issues to be solved with biofuels Ancillary loads Flow problems Thermal managmt Injection reliability Biofuel engine Emission control Corrosion Lubrification Carry over into oil Injection reliability fuel shall be stable to be handled in high pressure injection systems Corrosion/Materials fuel shall not damage the fuel systems or the engine fuel shall be compatible with seals Lubrification fuel shall contribute to lubrification in fuel pumps and other engine components Carry over into the motor oil fuel shall not deteriorate motor oil characteristics Emission control fuel shall keep the emission limits fuel shall not poison the catalyst Thermal management fuel shall not increase heat exchangers Ancillary loads fuel shall not require additional energy to heat or process Flow problems fuel shall have acceptable viscosity at all temperatures

6 Beneficial Characteristics of Biofuels Ethanol evaporation lowers temperature of the mixture and allows higher compression/expansion ratios (19.5:1) This is efficient also with lower blends! air demand is lower decreasing throttle losses clean combustion allows waste gas heat recovery with in CI-engines (ediesel) FAME/Biodiesel High Cetane ratings of FAME allows leaner combustion Oxygen content reduces soot formation Methane high knock resistance allows higher compression/expansion ratios clean combustion allows waste gas heat recovery Others DME might support HCCI ETBE is a fuel enhancer (Octane figure) with 47% ethanol (limited to to15%)

7 Biofuels Contributing to more efficient engine concepts Downsizing Higher compression/expansion variable compression Lean combustion multi spark ignition gasoline compression ignition Process optimisation Miller/Atkinson valve actuation/camless operation Waste heat recovery Thermoelectric OCR Reduce internal friction offset crankshaft low oil (piston) ring tension application of EC motor oils Turbocharger operation/efficiency waste gate variable geometry Cylinder disabling Measure Downsizing Higher compression/expansion Lean combustion Process optimisation Waste heat recovery Reduced internal friction Higher turbocharger efficiency Cylinder disabling Biofuel Effect Supported by ethanol, hydrogen, methane Supported by ethanol, hydrogen, methane Supported by ethanol, hydrogen, methane having much higher combustion range Not as necessary with Ethanol due to evaporative cooling of the mixture Supported by clean fuels more by ethanol, hydrogen, methane and liquid biofuels with oxygen content (to a lesser degree). Improved by biodiesel/pure plant oil Small influence, Supported by clean fuels Not necessary with downsized engines

8 Current Research Focus Ethanol EtOH port injection may reduce intake air throttling exploit potential of low blends FAME development stopped for B100 now B10 rollout lacking clarification of benefits of piezo controlled injection (less coking, smaller danger from obstructed fuel lines ) walk around for EEV s using non standardised fuels Methane CH 4 Only adaptation of IC engines Lacking Focus on Direct injection Westport DING disappeared? Other DME di-methyl-ether (dehydrated methanol) requires new engine concept but compares to LPG DEE di-ethyl-ether improves EtOH combustion Efficiency Gasoline Compression Ignition (HCCI) Hybrids (double clutch, direct hybrid and other variants) Waste heat recovery (thermoelectric now 8% efficient only)

9 Will HEV support biofuel usage? in principle yes: phlegmatised and slowly running engines may be used - dynamics is taken over by the electrical drive systems (capacitors, battery) the operation may be decoupled from the load allowing for optimisation with regards to knock and emissions (smoke, NOx) currently not: developments don t support biofuels because resources have to be concentrated on HEV development Hybrid drive-train CI Diesel SI Otto Cost Much more costly More costly Efficiency Highly efficient (also at constant part load) Low with parallel power trains at constant part load High with higher degree of hybridisation (serial hybrid)

10 What about Hydrogen? Internal combustion Near market, even if the combustion engine is not optimised for hydrogen but only adapted Problems noise, NO x, range (blow off for liquid hydrogen) Benefit: less combustion irregularity losses Fuel cell water-less stacks(higher-temperature polymer systemtriazole/cesium hydrogen sulfate -solid proton conductors ) far from application in prototypes service lifetime improvements? First applications using Methanol! New applications ignition enhancer Blend with natural gas

11 Engine related Effects on CO 2 Reduction Regeneration of braking energy IC: De-throttling and downsizing 20-25% Engine Downsizing (HEV for boosting) 15% IC: Lean combustion 12-14% IC: Process optimisation 10% Waste heat recovery 7.5% 15% up to 35% in stop n go IC: Higher compression/expansion 3.5% up to 10% Turbocharger operation/efficiency 5% Cylinder disabling/split engine 5% Reduce internal friction Savings are not entirely additional! 3.5%+5% from EC oil

12 Putting costs and savings in the right context Price increase of hybridisation is comparable to existing upgrade options hybridisation adds acc. to McKinsey 2006 Price variability within one engine size is 6,668 for VW Golf 1.4l max. price difference for VW Golf in total 18,979 Hybridisation saves fuel, electric window lifts, seat adjustment etc. costs fuel! Procurement Influence fuel consumption may be 50% lower for similar vehicles the right vehicle saves another 38% in its upcoming HEV version.

13 Outlook Never before chances were so good changing the ecological footprint in transport development in Asia - high motivation of scientists first stable markets for biofuel vehicles. Biofuels even allow for a better engine efficiency, if the engine concept is adapted. But massive lobbying for design fuels (diesel) caused by economic concerns of industry slows down the exploitation of existing innovative solutions. Research to better understand biofuel/ biofuel blends internal combustion is behind schedule and stopped in Europe hoping and waiting for 2nd generation biofuels. (Venture) Capital is needed for development of direct injection methane engines and high compression ratio ethanol engines.

14 Many Thanks Q&A Thank you for your attention! Lets start the discussion Any questions or comments? Do you lack answers? What are your consequences for upcoming buying decisions?

15 Epilogue Head for sustainable energy solutions Change vehicle design Reduce transport demand Improve propulsion efficiency Sustainable solutions shall build on a holistic approach. This includes the need to challenge existing paradigms (bigger=safer) Isolated logic- even if convincing will not bring a solution feasibility and affordability in the innovation process show the way.