Clean vehicles & fuels in the EU

Transcription

1 19/07/2011 Clean vehicles & fuels in the EU CIVITAS Conference, San Sebastian, 15th of June 2011

2 Content» VITO» State of the Art» Current & future share of fuels» EU Strategy on Clean Vehicles» Other EU initiatives 19/07/2011 2

3 VITO 19/07/2011 3

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7 19/07/2011 Fleet Environmental Action and Assessment

8 State of the Art 19/07/2011 8

9 Conventional ICE» We all know diesel & petrol cars» Euro 6 coming up in 2014» CO 2 -regulation (130g/km in 2015, and further )» Low % blends of biofuels» Gaseous fuels:» LPG» Methane» natural gas biogas» CNG LNG» 2 nd generation biofuels 19/07/2011 9

10 After treatment for diesel Euro 6 (Mercedes, 2010) 19/07/

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12 LPG» Waste product from refineries» -10% CO 2 -emission» Low level of pollutant emissions» Good well-to-wheel balance» Still a fossil fuel 19/07/

13 Methane» Very low level of pollutant emissions» Less noise» Natural gas (fossil fuel)» -25% CO 2 -emission» Good WTW balance» Biogas» Exactly the same substance as natural gas (purification!)» -80 to -90% CO 2 -emission WTW 19/07/

14 Methane: CNG vs. LNG» CNG: compressed natural gas» High pressure: 200 bar» Low energy density» Typical for LDV: range of km» LNG: liquefied natural gas» Low temperature: -160 C» Higher energy density (x3)» Only HDV 19/07/

15 Methane and HDV» Spark ignition engines» Lower energy efficiency» Lower range» Diesel-methane engines» Mixture of diesel and methane» 50-75% methane» Higher energy efficiency» In combination with LNG» Still fossil diesel 19/07/

16 Biofuels» So called 2 nd generation» No longer valuable food crops» Lignocellulosic biomass:» energy crops, green waste, black liquor, agricultural and forest residues,» WTW CO 2 reduction of 90% or more» Higher blends than 1 st generation» Bio-ethanol, E85,» Bio-diesel, FT-diesel, synfuel,» DME 19/07/

17 Hybrid vehicles» Conventional + electric engine» Optimal use of kinetic energy» Plug in hybrid» Increased battery pack» Charged by the grid» Higher mileage in EV-mode» Range extender» EV, with an ICE as back-up 19/07/

18 EV» Possibly the cleanest technology» E-production determines the impact» High purchase cost low fuel cost» Lower range, long recharging time» Standardization issues (plug)» V2G G2V?» Batteries» Weight» Reliability» Durability» Cost 19/07/

19 H 2» Fuel cell ~ EV» H 2 -production determines impact» High cost (100 x ICE)» No infrastructure (yet)» Storage of H 2?» HDV application for ZEV» Electricity can be stored in H 2 19/07/

20 Current & future share of fuels 19/07/

21 Current share of fuels (IEA, 2009) 19/07/

22 Future share of fuels? (IEA, 2009) EC expects 3-4% (PH)EV in 2020 and 16-50% in /07/

23 Future Transport Fuels Expert Group» Electricity/hydrogen and liquid biofuels main option» Synthetic fuels are bridge between fossil and biomass based fuels» Methane and LPG as complementary fuels» Electricity for short distances» Hydrogen and CNG for medium distance» Biofuels, LNG and LPG for long distance 19/07/

24 EU Strategy on Clean Vehicles 19/07/

25 EU Strategy on Clean Vehicles» What should be done on the EU level to promote clean mobility? More than 40 actions (legislation, research, standardization, etc.)» Conventional ICE» Gaseous fuels: LPG, CNG (+biogas)» Liquid biofuels in high blends» Ultra low carbon» Electric vehicles» H 2 fuel cell vehicles LDV & HDV 19/07/

26 EU Strategy on Clean Vehicles» Some of the measures:» Real world test cycle» CO 2 -regulation for HDV» Biofuels: sust. criteria & engine techn» Marketing of green cars» Standardized plug for EV s» 19/07/

27 Other EU initiatives 19/07/

28 EU initiatives» Renewable Energy Directive» 10% share of renewable E in transport» Biofuels (2 nd generation + biogas)» Green electricity» Fuel Quality Directive» 6% reduction of WTW GHG» Refineries» Biofuel blends» Energy Taxation Directive» Taxation CO 2 - and energy content based 19/07/

29 EU initiatives» Clean Vehicles Directive» Public bodies» Internalisation of external costs» White Paper on Transport 2011» 2050: 60% cut in transport emissions» 3 fields of action» Long distance» Intercity» Urban» 2050: no more conventionally-fuelled cars in cities» appropriate fuelling/charging infrastructure for new vehicles 19/07/

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