Expert Group on Maritime Policy

Transcription

1 Council of Baltic Sea States Expert Group on Maritime Policy Renewable Fuels for Marine Applications, Exhaust Gas Treatment and Shore Connection Reykjavik Maritime Museum 14 th of March 2017 Jón Bernódusson Subject Leader, Research and Development ICELANDIC TRANSPORT AUTHORITY

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3 World Consumption of Transport Fuel

4 The Share of Transport Modes in Global Transport Energy Consumption. Total 2,596 Mtoe

5 The EU28 Consumption of Transport Fuel

6 The Share of Renewable Transport Fuels in the EU/EEA

7 Renewable Fuels for Marine Applications Renewable Fuels Biodiesel (RME/FAME) Raps Oil (Canola Oil) Methane Gases (CH 4 ) Energy Carrier Biomass to Liquid (BtL) Methanol (CH 3 OH) Dimethyl Ether (DME, CH 3 OCH 3 ) Hydrogen (H 2 ) Electricity

8 Calorific Value / Heat Value Comparison of the Energy Levels of several Fuel Sources => Fuel => Energy Carrier Fuel / Carrier MJ/litre Equivalence CO 2 -Emission Health Effects Fossil Diesel % kg Toxic Canola Oil (Raps) % kg Harmless BioLiq (BtL) % kg Toxic Biodiesel (RME) % kg Harmless Gasoline % kg Toxic Butanol % kg Toxic Ethanol % kg Toxic?? Methanol % kg Highly Toxic Methane Gases % kg Harmless DME % kg Toxic Hydrogen % kg Harmless

9 Biodiesel Generations 1. Generation is Biodiesel from Raps Oil (RME) The oil is extracted from the seeds Trans-esterification process gives biodiesel and crude glycerol 2. Generation is Biomass to Liquid (Energy Carrier) Liquid from biomass Bio oil (pyrolysis oil) by temperatures between C Fischer-Tropsch-Process is used to produce synfuels from gasified biomass 3. Generation is Green Algae Light Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Waste water Yields 50 times more oil per hectare than raps (canola)

10 Yield of the Raps (Canola) Plant

11 Biodiesel 1. Generation About 85% of the Biomass is direct or indirect for human Consumption and 15% of the Biomass is Oil Therefore FOOD and ENERGY Security

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13 Raps (Canola) Field in Iceland

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15 Methane Gases (CH 4 ) Methane Gases (CH 4 ) can be used as LNG on vessels The Biogas/LNG is compressed and cooled down to -161 C Is then stored as Liquefied Natural Gas Methane Gas includes environmentally favorable Combustion No Modification is necessary to use Methane for Gasoline Heat Value is 25,3 MJ/litre = 72% of Biodiesel

16 Methanol (CH 3 OH) Methanol is an Energy Carrier Can be used both as a Gasoline and Diesel Additive Currently 3% Blend of Methanol to Gasoline is accepted (EU) Problem with Corrosion and Health Effects Engine running on pure Methanol have been developed Stena Line in Sweden Geothermal Carbon-dioxide (CO 2 ) and Hydrogen produce Methanol CRI (Iceland) CO 2 + 3H 2 => CH 3 OH + H 2 O Heat Value is 17,9 MJ/litre = 50% of Biodiesel

17 Dimethyl Ether (DME, CH 3 OCH 3 ) Dimethyl Ether (DME) is an Energy Carrier Chemical Dimethyl Ether (DME) is made from methanol 2 CH 3 OH => CH 3 OH 3 + H 2 O DME is a transparent Gas that can be used in Diesel Engines DME Combustion is free of Soot and Smoke Emissions DME is not corrosive to Metals The Chinese and Japanese have run DME Research since 1996 Heat Value is 19,2 MJ/litre = 55% of Biodiesel

18 Method for Producing Methanol and DME for Ships CO 2 + 3H 2 => CH 3 OH + H 2 O

19 Hydrogen (H 2 ) Hydrogen (H 2 ) is an Energy Carrier The Combustion of Hydrogen with Oxygen produces Water Vapor and a small amount of NOx. Hydrogen burns a great deal faster than other Fuels; indeed the Combustion Reaction is close to an Explosion Hydrogen is generally used to power a Fuel Cell rather than an internal Combustion Engine Fuel Cells combine Hydrogen and Oxygen by reversing the Electrolysis of Water Heat Value is 9,3 MJ/litre = 26% of Biodiesel

20 Electricity Most Countries produce Electricity by burning Fossil Fuel or through Nuclear Power In Iceland Electricity is entirely produced in Sustainable Manner Electrically powered Passenger Vessel in Iceland Electrically powered small Vessels in Iceland (in Project Phase) Hybrid with Electric Power and Alternative Fuel for all Vessels

21 Exhaust gas cleaning Exhaust Gas Cleaning with Water (Water Spray only) 90% Reduction of Soot Particles (Black Carbon and PM) 98% Reduction of Sulphur-dioxide (SO 2 ) 10% Reduction of Carbon-dioxide (CO 2 ) 10% Reduction of Nitrogen-oxides (NOx) Exhaust Gas Cleaning with Water (Calcium and Urea added) 90% Reduction of Soot Particles (Black Carbon and PM) 98% Reduction of Sulphur-dioxide (SO 2 ) 25% Reduction of Carbon-dioxide (CO 2 ) 35% Reduction of Nitrogen-oxides (NOx)

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23 The diesel engine is inside this container The cleaning facilities is inside this house

24 The exhaust gas cleaning facilities

25 Water before entering the exhaust gas cleaning facilities

26 Water after the exhaust gas cleaning process

27 Soot filter after the exhaust gas cleaning process Soot filter without the exhaust gas cleaning process

28 Water in Fuel Emulsion Water and Diesel are sprayed simultaneously in the Engine Combustion The Procedure is commonly used in Main Engines aboard larger Vessels and does not Affect the Engine Performance This Method Reduces the Quantity of: Soot Particle by 95% (Black Carbon and PM) Sulphur-dioxide (SO 2 ) by 15% Carbon-dioxide (CO 2 ) by 15% The Amount of NOx is reduced roughly the same Ratio as that of Water to the Fuel

29 Water in Fuel Emulsion

30 Exhaust Gas Treatment Exhaust Gas Cleaning with Water (Calcium and Urea added) and Water in Fuel Emulsion combined: 99% Reduction of soot particle (Black Carbon and PM) 99% Reduction of Sulphur-dioxide (SO 2 ) 35% Reduction of Carbon-dioxide (CO 2 ) 50% Reduction of Nitrogen-oxides (NOx) Emission of NOx is not dependent on the Fuel Type Emission of NOx is almost only dependent on Temperature in the Combustion Chamber NOx begins to form at 1760 C in the Combustion Chamber

31 Exhaust Gas Treatment NOx formation as a function of the combustion temperature Maximum NOx formation in the chamber Heat-zone in the chamber where NOx is formed. Above 1760 C Maximum temperature reduced in the chamber by emulsion NOx formation increases exponentially above this zone Piston angel

32 SOx Emission Control Areas

33 Shore Connection

34 Raps harvesting at the farm Thorvaldseyri in Iceland

35 The seeds are ready for extraction to raps-meal and raps-oil

36 A small screw-press is used to extract the seeds to raps-oil and raps-meal

37 The Minister of Transport in Iceland was driving on Icelandic Biodiesel in 2010

38 Ford Econoline ,3L IDI V8 444 cub ince 100% Biodiesel 100% Rapeseed oil

39 Thank you for your attention