Influence of power to liquid fuels on the emissions of modern passenger cars
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1 Influence of power to liquid fuels on the emissions of modern passenger cars T. Garbe, M. Hönig, W. Kaszás, J. Klose, H. Bröker, E. Pott Volkswagen AG
2 Motivation for e-fuels climate protection CO 2 -neutral fuels (dependent on crude) air quality optimized fuel properties (dependent on fuel chemistry) CO 2 use regenerative significantly regenerative fuel CO 2 -separation fuel less exhaust gas reg. energy PTX process page 2
3 Influence of power to liquid fuels on the emissions of modern passenger cars Necessity of increased efforts concerning climate protection climate Climate protection in the traffic sector E-fuels: production, potential and market introduction Technical demands on future liquid fuels air quality Selected results of gasoline fuels Selected results of diesel fuels Roadmap gasoline product Roadmap diesel Best practice: R33 Blue Diesel Conclusion page 3
4 Influence of power to liquid fuels on the emissions of modern passenger cars Necessity of increased efforts concerning climate protection climate Climate protection in the traffic sector E-fuels: production, potential and market introduction Technical demands on future liquid fuels air quality Selected results of gasoline fuels Selected results of diesel fuels Roadmap gasoline product Roadmap diesel Best practice: R33 Blue Diesel Conclusion page 4
5 Prognosis of CO 2 -emissions and global warming CO 2 decrease per year cumulative CO 2 -emissions [GT CO₂] C influence on food supply 2 C Paris Agreement 1,5 C substantial changes in ecosystems currently +2 % per year % -2 % -4 % page 5
6 Consequences for the traffic sector 150 EU target for passenger cars 130 g/km CO 2 -emissions [g/km] RED: 10 % reg. (EU directive for regenerative fuel) 95 g/km only the combination. of electric mobility and regenerative fuels can guaranty to reach the goals potential of e-mobility potential of car + powertrain potential of fuels page 6
7 Production of e-fuels CO 2 industry exhaust gases air regenerative power wind solar water local or temporal electricity surplus Paraffin Paraffin, ether renewable biomass residues 1) enhanced biomass 2) 1) straw, used cooking oil, sludge, wood, etc. 2) algae, yeast, etc. page 7
8 Introduction of e-fuels into the market market penetration [%] fossil fuels fuels from CO 2 -recycling sophisticated biofuels fuels from waste 40 % 30 % 15 % 10 0 conventional biofuels today tomorrow beyond % page 8
9 Influence on the existing car fleet regulated (95 g in 2020) 12 Mio. EU-new cars p.a. 228 Mio. EU-existing fleet page 9
10 Influence of power to liquid fuels on the emissions of modern passenger cars Necessity of increased efforts concerning climate protection climate Climate protection in the traffic sector E-fuels: production, potential and market introduction Technical demands on future liquid fuels air quality Selected results of gasoline fuels Selected results of diesel fuels Roadmap gasoline product Roadmap diesel Best practice: R33 Blue Diesel Conclusion page 10
11 Technical demands on future fuels* clean combustion, low (zero?) particulate raw emission good ignition and good burn out for high efficiency support for long time engine stability compatibility with engine, aftertreatment system and car adjustment suitable for PHEV (certain) downward compatibility Development of new fuels, powertrains and vehicles has to go hand in hand. *basis: current fuel quality EN 228, EN 590 page 11
12 Technical demands on future fuels* clean combustion, low (zero?) particulate raw emission good ignition and good burn out for high efficiency support for long time engine stability compatibility with engine, aftertreatment system and car adjustment suitable for PHEV (certain) downward compatibility Development of new fuels, powertrains and vehicles has to go hand in hand. *basis: current fuel quality EN 228, EN 590 page 12
13 Difference in PN emission from field fuels 1.4 L Turbo GDI 103 kw load point 1150 rpm / 32 Nm 8 fuels from 4 different gas stations in one German city, bought during 3 months page 13
14 Fuel selection for systematic test program 30 content of oxygen containing compounds / vol.% German fuels future fuels aromatic content / vol.% page 14
15 Engine test bench best fuel outside EN 228 1,0E+07 9,0E+06 8,0E+06 7,0E+06 6,0E+06 5,0E+06 4,0E+06 3,0E+06 2,0E+06 1,0E+06 0,0E E10 Max 20_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _4500 VL_2000 VL_3000 VL_4000 PN [#/cm³] E10 Min Fuel 1 15 oxygen content / vol.% aromatic content / vol.% spread reference load point / torque/nm_speed/min -1 page 15
16 Engine test bench best fuel inside EN 228 1,0E+07 9,0E+06 8,0E+06 7,0E+06 6,0E+06 5,0E+06 4,0E+06 3,0E+06 2,0E+06 1,0E+06 0,0E _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _4500 VL_2000 VL_3000 VL_4000 PN [#/cm³] E10 Max E10 Min Fuel 1 Fuel 2 16 oxygen content / vol.% aromatic content / vol.% spread reference load point / torque/nm_speed/min -1 page 16
17 Engine test bench other test fuels PN [#/cm³] 1,0E+07 9,0E+06 8,0E+06 7,0E+06 6,0E+06 5,0E+06 4,0E+06 3,0E+06 2,0E+06 1,0E+06 0,0E+00 20_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _2000 load point / torque/nm_speed/min-1 oxygen content / vol.% 200_ VL_1500 VL_3000 VL_4500 aromatic content / vol.% spread reference E10 Max E10 Min 17 Fuel 1 without additives Fuel 2 without additives Fuel 3 with additives Fuel 4 with additives 17 page 17
18 Sooting tendencies of aromatic hydrocarbons Source: Combustion Generated Fine Carbonaceous Particles, Karlsruhe University Press, 2009 page 18
19 Influence of aromatic compounds on particle formation benzene polyaromatic hydrocarbons formation of soot CH 3 CH Reduction tropylium reduced formation toluene of particle formation by reducing content of aromatic compounds with more than eight carbon atoms. radical of soot page 19
20 Influence of aromatic compounds on particle formation CH 3 CH toluene tropylium radical reduced formation of soot disorder of the conjugated π-electron system inhibition of particle formation Reduction of particle formation by reducing content of aromatic compounds with more than eight carbon atoms. page 20
21 Correlation of different fuel properties to PN emissions 1.4 L Turbo GDI 103 kw EU5, Golf, meaningful sections from different drive cycles Correlation coefficients from linear regression of eight fuels Property Cold start Acceleration High load Total aromatics 0,86 0,67 0,36 Aromatics C8 0,90 0,97 0,79 Aromatics C9 0,87 0,94 0,78 Ethanol content -0,53-0,48-0,34 E150-0,97-0,91-0,60 T80 0,96 0,90 0,67 T90 0,86 0,77 0,75 Final boiling point 0,69 0,74 0,88 Density 0,88 0,63 0,24 page 21 Master Thesis H. Bröker
22 PN reduction by the use of e-gasoline 1 st generation (5 cars in WLTP) typical field quality target e-gasoline 1 st generation PN emission GPF efficiency η = 83%* raw emission exhaust gas emission Source: ACEA page 22
23 Knocking tendency Research octane number of specific fuel components Ethanol: 130 ETBE: 118 Emission optimized + High RON must be based on oxygenates. E20 RON 102 page 23
24 Fuel consumption on test bench 1.5L TGI EA 211evo E10 ROZ 95 E20 ROZ dedicated engine page 24
25 Long term effects by formation of organic deposits organic deposits possible effects results - injector coking - negative impact on gas flow, - OBD mistakes spray pattern, - coking of inlet valve mixture behavior - higher emissions - coking of intake tract - throttle coking - inner flow handicap - risk of pre-ignition - risk of engine deposits page 25
26 Influence of fuel additives on injectors 1.4 L Turbo GDI 103 kw EU5, engine high load ageing run Fouled Injectors Outer deposits In-hole deposits Outer deposits Keep-clean injectors Outer deposits In-hole deposits Outer deposits page 26 Source SGS Conference 2014, ShanghaiJohnny Shen, Alex Cantlay, Thomas Garbe
27 Raw emission advantages by the use of e-diesel 5 particulates [g/h] available today: 100 % and as a blend component 2,0l TDI EA /min, 90 Nm diesel e-diesel 1 st gen. (100 % paraffin) e-diesel 2 nd gen. (70 % paraffin, 30 % OME) NO x -emissions [g/h] availability from 2025 page 27
28 Influence of power to liquid fuels on the emissions of modern passenger cars Necessity of increased efforts concerning climate protection climate Climate protection in the traffic sector E-fuels: production, potential and market introduction Technical demands on future liquid fuels air quality Selected results of gasoline fuels Selected results of diesel fuels Roadmap gasoline product Roadmap diesel Best practice: R 33 Blue Diesel Conclusion page 28
29 Approach for e-gasoline fuel improved specification combustion behavior oxygenates E20 low soot formation tendency stability and all year quality production of e-fuels energy- und CO 2 -optimized production production of optimized base quality optimization additive package gasoline vehicles efficient powertrains use of improved combustion properties use of lower soot potential plug in concepts use of improved stability use of all year quality page 29
30 Engine design for new gasoline fuels drop in: no modification EN 228 E10 paraffin from MTG process slight modifications: fuel detection, higher compression rate combustion optimization EN 228 mod E20 eq E20 ROZ 102 E20 E20 with ethanol equivalents paraffin from MTG process page 30
31 Roadmap gasoline fuels EN 228 main grade E10 penetration in whole Europe quality optimization for low PN emissions EN 228 Mod for specific use EN228 Mod main grade E20 ROZ 102, min. PN emissions option: city-gasoline Also see Auto Fuel Studies 1+2 at E4tec and Roland Berger page 31
32 Approach for e-diesel fuel specification introduction of paraffinic diesel into the market new spec. for fuels containing OME improved stability production of e-fuels energy- und CO 2 -optimized production production of optimized base quality optimization additive package page 32 diesel cars identification of use for air quality improvement efficient powertrains use of improved combustion properties use of low soot potential basic investigation concept OME blend engine plug in concepts use of improved stability use of all year quality
33 Engine design for new diesel fuels drop in: no modification EN 590 EN high paraffinic share max. 5 % OME, fleet compatible slight modifications: fuel detection, material EN mod 30 % OME, can also be operated with diesel or paraffinic diesel dedicated vehicle OME engine, new fuel system, expensive material OME standard 100 % OME, no operation with diesel or paraffinic fuel possible page 33
34 Roadmap diesel fuel EN 590 main grade higher paraffinic share EN for specific use slight adaptions of current engines option: city-diesel EN main grade paraffinic diesel EN mod. for specific application hardware adjustment EN mod. main grade paraffin + blend OME page 34
35 Concept Diesel R33 fuel for every diesel vehicle same or lower exhaust emissions high quality suitability for future vehicle concepts acceptance of customers, public and politics page 35
36 R33* Blue Diesel 7 % FAME from used cooking oil 20 % CO 2 -saving 26 % paraffinic diesel from used cooking oil 67 % diesel fuel with performance additive package R33* tested in over 280 vehicles page 36
37 Introduction of R33 Blue Diesel at Volkswagen main gas station 2018/01/30 page 37
38 page 38
39 page 39
40 Conclusions The ideal future fuel mix: Green electricity and regenerative hydrocarbon fuels. climate Backbone for fuel decarbonization: Ethanol, methanol to gasoline, paraffinic diesel fuel and methane. Gasoline fuel has to be optimized for low particulate emissions by optimizing the chemical composition, blending oxygenates and dosing additives. air quality Paraffinic diesel fuels realizes benefits in short time frame and can be improved in the future by blending OME. Methane fueled (CNG) cars guaranty very low emissions immediately. product Robust roadmap for regenerative fuels integrates sustainability and fuel quality for immediate effects on climate and air quality. Research and investments have to be concentrated now to achieve a high impact till page 40
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