Differences in raw material sources for biofuel processing

Transcription

1 Differences in raw material sources for biofuel processing Kovács, A.J. Kacz, K. Lakatos, E. Neményi, M. University of West Hungary Institute of Biosystems Engineering Address: 2 Vár. Mosonmagyaróvár H Hungary Tel.: Fax: kovacsaj@mtk.nyme.hu

2 Differences in raw material sources for biofuel processing Contents Preliminaries Introduction Materials & methods, standards Results Conclusions

3 Preliminaries studies were done on RME in practical conditions; examined the used cooking oil (filtered and admixture) application for tractor engines; experiments were carried out of used cooking oil mixed with gasoline as fuel and mixed with biomass as bio-briquette; National R&D projects were lunched in order to establish the Hungarian bio-diesel utilization. Studies were done on plant breeding, plant production, post harvest technologies and processing of sunflower and rapeseed plants.

4 Introduction The Hungary set target until 2010 from bio-based fuel: at the EU enlargement: 2% Parliament s decision in 2005: 4% 2010: 5.75% Area planted in Hungary in the last five years: Sunflower: ha Rape: ha This can be enlarged

5 Quality requirements of plant based oil as fuel Specification min. Limit max. Density (at 15 C), [g/cm 3 ] Standard DIN EN ISO DIN EN ISO Kinematic Viscosity (at 40 C), [mm 2 /s] - 38 DIN EN ISO 3104 Flash Point (closed cup, Pensky-Martens), [ C] DIN EN ISO Heating value, [MJ/kg] 35 DIN Cetane number - - Under development Carbon Residue (Conradson number), [%] DIN EN ISO Cold point, [ C] to be determined DIN V Total contamination, [mg/kg] - 25 DIN EN Total contamination larger than mm, [mg/kg] to be determined DIN Ash, [%] DIN EN ISO 6245 Water, [%] pr EN ISO Phosphorus, [mg/kg] - 15 ASTM D Sulfur Content, [mg/kg] - 20 ASTM D Acid Value, [mg KOH/g] DIN EN ISO 660 Iodine value (iodine-bromine), g I 2 /100g DIN Oxidation Stability, [h] 5 - ISO 6886

6 Materials & Methods Plate and 10 frame filter (filter area: 3.2 m 2 ) CSOP 92 type oil-press

7 Sunflower experiments 1st year: Six genetic experimental varieties; 2nd year: 28 cultivars and hybrids; parameters were measured: viscosity (at 40 C and 100 C); iodine value; density (at 15 C); Oil yield; palmitic acid; stearic acid; linolic acid; potassium content; sulfur content; nitrogen content; 3rd year: Selected varieties. Rapeseed experiments 1st year: 15 cultivars and hybrids; 2nd year: 42 cultivars and hybrids.

8 Yield and quality parameters of tested varieties in the 1st year Variety Crude oil NOS % NOS % NOS % NOS % Standard 37.9% NOS % NOS % NOS % Variety Standard 101 NOS NOS NOS Standard 10 Density at 15 C [g/cm 3 ] Viscosity at 40 C [mm 2 /s] Viscosity at 100 C. [mm 2 /s] Iodine value [g I 2 /100g] Acid number [mg KOH/g]

9 Fatty acid content of selected varieties in the 2nd year Fatty acid NOS NOS NOS STANDARD 101 STANDARD 10 C16: C16: C18: C18: C18: C18: C20: C20: C22: C22:1 C24: Summa %

10 M (Nm), b (g/kwh) 700 P (kw) M b M b P P n (min -1 ) The most important operation parameters of gasoline ( ) and mixture: 10% sunflower oil of type NOS (O) 0 The change of operational parameters of selected varieties compared to gasoline were: Power: -2.30% +2.57% Specific fuel consumption: -1.43% +2.0% Torque: -2.43% +2.40% Carbon Residue: % -3.74%

11 Number Fatty acid content [sz.a.%] Oil yield [%] Remained in press cake [%] Acid value mgkoh/g Iodine number gi 2 /100 g Carbon Residue Ranking

12 Number Fatty acid content [sz.a.%] Oil yield [%] Remained in press cake [%] Acid value mgkoh/g Iodine number gi 2 /100 g Carbon Residue Ranking

13 SP C 80 Thermographic images of oil press AR C 40 Low oil yield type NOS C SP FLIR PM675 type IR camera 50 AR C 40 High oil yield 70 NOS

14 Pressing temperature [ C] y = x R 2 = Oil yield [%] The pressing temperatures as a function of oil yield in varieties of 2nd year

15 PHILIPS SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOP LABORATORY University of West Hungary

16 Magn.: 1000 Low oil yield Magn.: 1000 High oil yield Magn.: 2000 Magn.: 2000 Scanning electron microscopic images of different sunflower seeds

17 90 Pressing temperature [ C] y = x R 2 = Oil yield [%] The pressing temperatures as a function of oil yield in varieties of 2nd year

18 Selection of rapeseed oils for fuel Number Acid content [sz.a.%] Oil yield [%] Remained in press cake [%] Iodine number gi 2 /100 g Acid value mgkoh/g Ranking

19 90 20 C Viscosity [mm 2 /s] Cultivar # 40 C 60 C 40 C (Univ. Veszprém) 100 C (Univ. Veszprém) The changes of kinematic viscosity of rapeseeds in different temperatures

20 Conclusions There are major differences among sunflower and rapeseed varieties in connection to the pressing characteristics and oil yields. Several cold pressed varieties, cultivars and hybrids fulfill the requirements for bio-fuel utilization. By testing the varieties in rapeseed the acid values are significant; in sunflower besides the acid values, the iodine number, the cinematic viscosity and carbon residue have to be determined. The oil residues in cakes in the tested small screw press can be up to 25-30%. This has to be decreased by temperature control (heater) and partial dehulling of sunflower.

21 Thank you for your attention!