Biodiesel Standard Development in Malaysia & Impacts of Palm Biodiesel on Engines and Emmissions

Transcription

1 Biodiesel Standard Development in Malaysia & Impacts of Palm Biodiesel on Engines and Emmissions Dato Dr. Choo Yuen May Harrison Lau Lik Nang Yung Chee Liang Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB)

2 2006 Oil Palm Cultivation = milion hectares CPO Production = 15.9 million tonnes

3 Oil Palm Plantation Fresh Fruit Bunch Oil Palm Tree

4

5 OIL YIELD Yield (tonne / ha / yr) Palm Oil (Malaysia) 3.93* Rapeseed (EU) 1.33** Soyabean (USA) 0.46** Sunflower (Argentina) 0.66** Highest Yield & Most Economical Oil Jatropha 3.00*** Source: * MPOB (2006) ** Khoo (2001) *** Khoo H.A. (2007)

6 Palm Oil Mill Palm Kernel Palm Fruit

7 Palm Oil Refinery *RBD: Refined, bleached and deodorised

8 Development of MPOB Palm Biodiesel Technology Idea conceived: 1981 Lab scale R&D-1982 Continuous Pilot plant (3,000 TPA) built and commissioned 1985 Produces palm biodiesel for stationary engine testing and field trial ( ) Most exhaustive field trial was conducted with Mercedes Benz ( ) MPOB Palm Biodiesel Pilot Plant

9 Development of MPOB Palm Biodiesel Technology 1 st commercial small scale plant (3,000 TPA) started production in August 2002 (Carotino) Scaling up to 60,000 TPA in Developed winter fuel technology (2002) and scaling up to 30,000 TPA in Developed technologies for phytonutrients and scaled up to pilot plant in Small scale commercial Plant, 3000 TPA (Carotino)

10 Commercial Palm Biodiesel Plants Normal-grade Palm Biodiesel Plant, 60,000 TPA (Pour point : +15ºC) Winter-grade Palm Biodiesel Plant 30,000 TPA (Pour Point : -21ºC)

11 MPOB COMMERCIAL PALM BIODIESEL PLANTS Three (3) demonstration plants were built using MPOB Technologies. Each plant consists of a 60,000 TPA normal biodiesel plant and a 30,000 TPA winter fuel plant.

12 OTHER PLANTS USING MPOB TECHNOLOGY Pulau Indah, Klang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Capacity : 120,000 tonnes/year Pasir Gudang, Johor Darul Takzim Capacity : 120,000 tonnes/year Surat Tani, Thailand Capacity: 60,000 tonnes/year ENERTECH Co. Ltd. Pyeongtaek, SOUTH KOREA Capacity: 60,000 tonnes/year Status : Commissioned

13 Palm Oil Methyl Esters (Crude and Distilled)

14 RBD Palm Oil Methyl Esters RBD Palm Olein Methyl Esters

15 Seasonal Pour Point Requirement of Biodiesel Summer Spring Autumn Winter Season Pour Point (ºC) Spring -10 Summer 0 Autumn -10 Winter -20

16 Malaysian Standard on Biofuels Undertaken by SIRIM Berhad, under TC on Petroleum Fuels. Members of TC: Oil and Gas Companies, Government Department, Malaysian Automotive Association, MPOB, Biodiesel Producers. Malaysian Standard on Palm Methyl Esters (adapt to EN 14214); released for public comments in October 2007; expected to be published by early 2008.

17 Automotive Fuels Palm Methyl Esters (PME) for Diesel Engines Property Unit Limits Test Methods Minimum Maximum Ester content a % (m/m) EN Density at 15 C kg/m ISO 3675 ISO ASTM D 4052 Viscosity at 40 C mm 2 /s ISO 3104 MS 1831 Flash point C ISO 3679 e MS 686 Sulfur content mg/kg ISO ISO ASTM D 5453 Carbon residue (on 10% distillation residue ISO 10370) (on 100% distillation sample ASTM D 4530) % (m/m) ISO ASTM D 4530 Draft Malaysian Standard

18 Automotive Fuels Palm Methyl Esters (PME) for Diesel Engines Property Unit Limits Test methods a Minimum Maximum Cetane number ISO 5165 MS 1895 Sulfated ash content % (m/m) ISO 3987 ASTM D 874 Water content mg/kg ISO ASTM E 203 ASTM D 1160 Total contamination mg/kg - 24 EN ASTM D 5452 Copper strip corrosion (3 h at 50 C) rating Class 1 ISO 2160 MS 787 Draft Malaysian Standard

19 Automotive Fuels Palm Methyl Esters (PME) for Diesel Engines Property Unit Limits Test methods a Minimum Maximum Oxidation stability, 110 C hours EN Acid value mg KOH/g EN MS 2011 Iodine value g iodine/ 100 g EN Linolenic acid methyl ester % (m/m) EN Polyunsaturated (>=4 double bonds) methyl esters % (m/m) - 1 EN Methanol content % (m/m) EN Monoglyceride content % (m/m) EN ASTM D 6584 Draft Malaysian Standard

20 Automotive Fuels Palm Methyl Esters (PME) for Diesel Engines Property Unit Limits Test Methods Minimum Maximum Diglyceride content % (m/m) EN ASTM D 6584 Triglyceride content % (m/m) EN ASTM D 6584 Free glycerol % (m/m) EN EN ASTM D 6584 Total glycerol % (m/m) EN ASTM D 6584 Group I metal (Na+K) Group II metals (Ca+Mg) mg/kg mg/kg EN EN EN Phosphorus content mg/kg EN ASTM D 4951 CFPP C - 15 EN 116 Draft Malaysian Standard

21 IMPACTS OF BIODIESEL ON ENGINES AND EMISSIONS

22 Evaluation of Methyl Esters as Diesel Substitute Laboratory Determination of Fuel Characteristic Stationary Engine Testing Preliminary Field Trial Exhaustive Field Trial

23 Stationary Engine Testing of Palm Biodiesel using a Single-Cylinder Direct Injection Diesel Engine Model Yanmar L70AE- DETMYC Bore (mm) 78 Stroke (mm) 62 Stationary Engine Test-bed. Compression ratio Displacement volume (I) Injection type Direct injection

24 Schematic Diagram of the Engine Test Setup

25 Engine Connected to an Eddy Current Dynamometer on Test-Bed

26 Steady State Engine Operating Conditions for All Fuels Engine Speed (rpm) Engine Load (Nm) Engine Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP)

27 Emission Test of B50, B20 & B10 (Blends of 50%, 20% & 10% Palm Biodiesel in Petroleum Diesel) Emission (%) B50 B20 B HC CO SMOKE NOx PM

28 Summary of Results from Stationary Engines Testing using Palm Biodiesel/Petroleum Diesel Blends (B10, B20 and B50) Engine performances: similar to No.2 Diesel Fuel in terms of thermal efficiency Higher fuel consumption was observed for the whole engine loads and speeds All biodiesel blends have the tendency to reduce CO 2, CO, HC, particular matter and smoke emissions for all engine loads and speeds except for NO x emission. All biodiesel blends experienced a shorter ignition delay than diesel fuel. The shorter ignition delay indicates the better combustion of the fuel where the fuel was ignited quickly after injection. Shorter ignition delay reduced CO and HC emissions. In collaboration with University Technology Malaysia (UTM).

29 Preliminary Field Trial (July 1984 May 1985) (B100) 1. 8 taxis each covered 70,000km 2. Objectives of the trial: To study the performance of diesel engines when fueled with methyl esters, and To study the behaviour of lubricating oils of diesel engines when fueled with methyl esters.

30 Exhaustive Engine Field Trial (B100) (1) Phase I : engines of various makes 1. Garbage trucks 7. Land cruiser 2. Lorries 8. Cars 3. Army trucks 9. Water pump 4. Taxis 10. Vans 5. Mini-tractors 11. Stationary engine 6. Generating sets Testbeds

31 Field Trials using Various Diesel Engines

32 Exhaustive Field Trial (cont.) (2) Phase II : (B100 & B50) Stationary engine testing by Mercedes Benz 36 Buses mounted with Mercedes Benz OM352 engines Fuel Tested 100% palm biodiesel 50% palm biodiesel + 50% petroleum diesel 100% petroleum diesel (as control) 10 buses each, each bus covered 300,000 km. No modification of diesel engine required. MPOB vehicles Fuel tested: 100% crude palm stearin methyl esters

33 Field Trials using Mercedes Benz (OM352) Diesel Engines Mounted on Passenger Buses (each bus covered 300,000 km)

34 Emission Test of B100 (100% Palm Biodiesel) and B50 (Blends of 50% Palm Biodiesel / 50% Petroleum Diesel Emission (%) Blend of 50% petroleum diesel/50% Palm Biodiesel) 100% Palm Biodiesel 20 0 HC CO SMOKE NOx

35 Smoke Emission from Passenger Bus using Petroleum Biodiesel

36 Clean Smoke Emission from Passenger Bus using Palm Biodiesel

37 Trials using Palm Biodiesel on Commercial Trains Trials conducted by Prignitzer Eisenbahn (PE) Arriva in Germany, since September 2004.

38 Summary of Field Trial No modification of conventional diesel engine required. Performance of engine : good. Easy starting, no knocking, smooth running. Exhaust gas emission : much cleaner (reduction of hydrocarbon, CO, CO 2, SO 2 content.) More environmentally friendly. Engine oil: still usable after recommended mileage. Cetane number / Diesel Improver ( 62.4 c.f 37.7 for petroleum diesel from Europe)

39 Summary of Field Trial (cont.) Palm bio diesel : higher flash point (174 o C c.f. 98 o C for petroleum diesel) offers enhanced safety in terms of storage and transportation. Carbon build up in engine fuel nozzle : normal except nature of carbon different. Fuel consumption of palm biodiesel : comparable with petroleum diesel (e.g. 3-4 km per liter for bus tested). Palm oil methyl esters : (a) attack low grade plastic and rubber products e.g. hoses, seal etc. (b) react with binding material of cement floor.

40 STRATEGIC THRUSTS THRUST 1 : USE OF BIOFUEL FOR TRANSPORT THRUST 2 : USE OF BIOFUEL FOR INDUSTRY THRUST 3 : DEVELOPMENT OF HOME GROWN BIOFUEL TECHNOLOGIES THRUST 4 : PRODUCTION OF BIOFUEL FOR EXPORT THRUST 5 : BIOFUEL FOR CLEANER ENVIRONMENT National Biofuel Policy released 21 March 2006

41 LEGAL FRAMEWORK Malaysian Biofuel Industry Act 2006 passed by Parliament in 2007 Contains provision to mandate blending of biofuel with diesel through regulations made by Minister Drafting of regulations under way No decision yet on implementation. Need to consider type of biofuel, percentage, subsidies required etc.

42 Acknowledgements Ministry of Plantation Industries and Commodities, Malaysia Management of Malaysian Palm Oil Board MPOB Palm Biodiesel Team

43 THANK YOU