"Power-to-X": Fuel quality - Potential of P2X-Fischer-Tropsch products in aviation

Transcription

1 "Power-to-X": Fuel quality - Potential of P2X-Fischer-Tropsch products in aviation 9 th International Freiberg Conference Session 7: Power-to-X Dr. Sophie Jürgens DLR Institute of Combustion Technology 4 th June 2018

2 DLR.de Chart 2 > DLR Stuttgart Institute of Combustion Technology Head: Prof. Dr. Manfred Aigner People: 110 Focus: Gasturbines, Fuels Synergies: CHP-concepts, rocket propellents, chemical storage Departments and Groups Chemical Analytics Chemical Kinetics Computer Simulation Gas Turbine High-Pressure Experiments Laser diagnostics Multi-Phase Flows and Alternative Fuels

3 DLR.de Chart 3 > Overview of VT-CHA activities Chemical Analysis Fuel Characterisation Fuel composition by GC/MS DLR Jet Fuel Pre Selection Process Emission measurements Gas-phase to particles Particle measurements from lab scale to engine Campaigns at airports and unscaled test rigs Experimental reaction kinetics DLR High-Temperature Flow Reactor Quantitative species profiles (1 bar) Validation data for kinetic modelling ipepico Flame experiments High precision (quantitative) dection of radicals Identification of chemical reaction paths

4 DLR.de Chart 4 > Campaigns and Projects Expertise in: Determination of fit for purpose properties of alternative fuels fuel design conformity with ASTM D1655/D7566 Min/max blending ratios with conventional jet fuels (e.g. JET A-1)

5 DLR.de Chart 5 > ECLIF Emission & Climate Impact of Alternative Fuels Combustion Chamber Parameters Engine Parameters WP 1000 WP 2000 WP 3000 WP 4000 WP 5000 Fuel Combustion Engine Emissionsmeasurements Atmosphere Fuel Properties Detailed Emissions Data Data Flight missions NASA-DLR Collaboration (DLR participating in NASA ACCESS (Alternative Fuel Effects on Contrails and Cruise Emissions) II, May 2014) ECLIF I: impact of aromatics in alternative fuels. Contrail measurements and ground measurements compared to fossil Jet A-1 (Falcon ATRA) ECLIF II: ground measurements and in-situ emissions & contrails measurements of DLR designer HEFA fuels (NASA DC-8 ATRA)

6 DLR.de Chart 6 > ECLIF Emission & Climate Impact of Alternative Fuels Fuel Design: computational modeling performed inhouse at each step allows to map a targeted output First ground and in-flight emissions measurements with a Fully Synthetic Jet Fuel (Sasol s FSJF). Alternative jet fuels with lower aromatic content (i.e. higher H content) produce less soot emissions and lower ice crystals concentration in young contrails First experimental validation of the impact of soot particle size on contrail characteristic (radiative properties). Vol% aromatics 18% Ref1 18% Ref2 16% 11% 10% Sulfur 1170ppm 100% Jet A-1 (NatRef) Bitumen Run SSJF3 Sulfur 1586ppm 86% Ref1 + 14% SPK SSJF1 Sulfur 572ppm 59% Ref1 + 41% SPK Sulfur 1354ppm 100% Stand. Jet A-1 (NatRef) SSJF2 Sulfur 697ppm 55% Ref2 + 45% SPK 100% FSJF No Sulfur Fuel Blends

7 DLR.de Chart 7 DLR Fuels Preselection Process for Kopernikus P2X Expertise in ASTM requirements for the approval of alternative fuels Accessing of blending with conventional jet fuels (e.g. JET A-1) Determination of combustion properties Analytical approach

8 DLR.de Chart 8 > > DLR Fuel Preselection Process : DLR Fuel Preselection Process Data base Fuel options Modelbasedassessment Experiments Best fit DLR Fuel Preselection Process : Laboratory scale determination of fit for purpose properties of alternative fuels prior to elaborate approval process ASTM D4054

9 FT-Product AP 1 ASTM D4054 approval process DLR.de Chart 9 DLR Fuel Preselection Process in P2X: Experiments 6.1 Composition Model-based assessment 6.3 Prediction of bulk physical properites 6.2 Reaction mechanism: Prediction of combustion properties y/n 6.1 Bulk physical prop. 6.2 Combust. properties Database r@15c [kg/m³] T 50 -T 10 [K] 6.3 Assessment of blending components Lesser initial probe volumes required Faster screening process Significant cost and risk reductions Ecological benefit

10 DLR.de Chart 10 ASTM D4054 approval process New alternative fuels have to be in conformity with ASTM D1655/D7566 fast track process HEFA fuel (100% aromatic free) has recently been tested in flight studies

11 DLR.de Chart 11 Exemplaric FT fuel analysis: chemical composition Fischer Tropsch fuel di-aromatics mono-aromatics cyclo-paraffins iso-paraffins n-paraffins C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18 C19 Fuel target and screening analysis Chemical species identification by GC-MS and GCxGC (planned) Various alternative fuel data base (e.g. Ineratec, Neste, Shell, ) Base for fuel design sources: Leco; IASH 2017

12 T [ C] r [kg/m 3 ] DLR.de Chart 12 Exemplaric FT fuel analysis: physiochemical properties 300 Destilation curves FB max ASTM D Density slopes JET A-1 SSJF FT JET A V [ml] T [ C] Comparison of conventional fuels (e.g. Jet A-1) and synthetic (FT) fuels Measurements conducted matching ASTM D1655/ D7566 requirements and beyond (e.g. low temperature measurements at up to -47 C)

13 DLR.de Chart 13 Combustion experiments Customized in-situ gas-phase reaction diagnostics High-temperature flow-reactor Specialty: Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometer (MBMS) Ideal chemical overview experiment Quantitative access to chemical reaction species Stable and reactive species (incl. radicals) Validation data for kinetic modelling General understanding of chemical fuel behavior TOF-MS High temperature oven ceramic tube Temperature: Heated length: diameter: pressure: Flow-rate: up to1900 K 1000 mm (3 zones) 40 mm atmospheric 10 l/min hold1-2 s reflectron detector heating element

14 DLR.de Chart 14 DLR: Fuel characteristics of FT products 12.0 FT-Light H 2 H 2 O CO O 2 CO 2 Fuel x n-c 10 H 22 H 2 H 2 O CO O 2 CO x i = 0.8 x i = T Oven [K] T Oven [K] In cooperation with Ineratec a FT product has sucessfully been tested for its fuel characetristics Two stoichiometrics: Φ = 0.8 (lean) and Φ = 1.2 (rich) The main species have been measured Determination of intermediates is running

15 DLR.de Chart 15 DLR: Reaction mechanism Database of elementar reactions Description of fuel decomposition via intermediates to products and pollutants Mechanism gives acces to side species formation Soot reduction and particle emissions decrease expected by the kinetic modeling, proven by exhaust measurements T. Kathrotia, P. Oßwald, M. Köhler, N. Slavinskaya, U. Riedel Combustion & Flame accepted

16 1. Problem DLR.de Chart 16 > Fuel Design Process Y cyclohexane Y isooctane mu 1.2x x x x x x10-4 Y dodecane 6.0x x10-4 Y cyclohexane Y isooctane mu 1.2x x x x x x10-4 definition Targets & constraints Y dodecane Y cyclohexane Y isooctane Y dodecane 6.0x x10-4 mu 1.2x x x x x x x x10-4 Y cyclohexane Y isooctane Y dodecane mu 1.2x x x10-3 Y cyclohexane 9.0x10-4 Y isooctane 8.0x x10-4 Y dodecane 6.0x x10-4 Y cyclohexane Y isooctane Delta SMD Validation Experiments & Databases Y cyclohexane Y isooctane mu 1.2x x x x x x10-4 Y dodecane Y dodecane 6.0x x10-4 Y cyclohexane Y isooctane mu 1.2x x x x x x10-4 Y dodecane 6.0x x10-4

17 DLR.de Chart 17 Conclusions Alternative fuels are of high relevance for the aviation sector Within the P2X project, the DLR Institute of Combustion Technology adresses the applicability of the obtained FT products for the aviation sector The DLR fuel preselection process allows for a fast, cost-efficient and ecological screening of possible fuel candidates The combination of experimental data, combustion properties and reaction kinetics enables the fuel design process numeric modeling (CFD), as a virtual test rig

18 DLR.de Chart 18 P2X Cooperations and partners assoziierte Partner mit aktiver Beteiligung

19 DLR.de Chart 19 Thank you for your attention