Effect of Biodiesel on PM Emission Characteristics of Modern Diesel Engine

Transcription

1 10 th ETH-Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles at ETH Zentrum, Zurich, Switzerland August 21-23, 2006 Effect of Biodiesel on PM Emission Characteristics of Modern Diesel Engine Daisuke Kawano Hajime Ishii Yuichi Goto Akira Noda National Traffic Safety and Environment Laboratory Tokyo, JAPAN

2 Outline Background Test Engine and Fuels PM Measurement Instruments PM Measurement Results Engine-out Aftertreatment-out Conclusions 2

3 Outline Background Test Engine and Fuels PM Measurement Instruments PM Measurement Results Engine-out Aftertreatment-out Conclusions 3

4 Overview of Biodiesel Project Utilization of 100 % biodiesel fuel (neat) Modification of engine system for biodiesel Clarification of technologies for biodiesel 4

5 Emission Target New long-term regulation (2005,Japan) PM emission [g/kwh] % reduction Emission target 50% reduction NOx emission [g/kwh] 5

6 PM Emission Characteristics Biodiesel Fuel (BDF) Oxygenated fuel Low volatility Soot emission SOF emission Diesel exhaust particle Soot SOF Total PM emission? Conventional Studies on Biodiesel Application of biodiesel to old diesel engines No modification for biodiesel PM emission characteristics of modern diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel? 6

7 Outline Background Test Engine and Fuels PM Measurement Instruments PM Measurement Results Engine-out Aftertreatment-out Conclusions 7

8 Engine Specifications Model Type Fuel Injection system Devices for low emission Bore stroke (mm) Displacement (L) Compression ratio Max. power Max. torque Hino N04C-TA 4-cylinder Intercooler-turbo diesel engine Low S (S<10ppm) Common-rail Cooled EGR, VGT DPF + NSR Catalyst , kW (150PS) / 3,000rpm 392N m (40.0kg m) / 1,600rpm 8

9 Engine System Intake throttle valve EGR cooler EGR valve Supply pump Common rail Injector NSR Three way catalyst DPF(DPNR) Oxidation catalyst A/F sensor Inter cooler Pre-EGR Oxidation catalyst VG turbo charger Fuel injector A/F sensor Exhaust retarder Pressure sensor Temperature sensor 9

10 Fuel Properties Properties Diesel fuel RME Density (15 ) [g/cm 3 ] Viscosity [mm 2 /s] (30 ) (40 ) Flash point [ ] Cetane number [-] IBP Diesel fuel Distillation point [ ] 10% 50% 90% EP C CHO [wt.%] H O < Heating value [kj/kg] 43,092 36,980 Pour point [ ] Cloud point [ ] RME CFPP Sulfur content [ ] [ppm]

11 Outline Background Test Engine and Fuels PM Measurement Instruments PM Measurement Results Engine-out Aftertreatment-out Conclusions 11

12 PM Measurement Instruments TSI EEPS Model 3090 AVL 483 Micro Soot Sensor NSR Three way catalyst DPF(DPNR) DEKATI Diluter Oxidation catalyst A/F sensor Dilution tunnel VG turbo charger Fuel injector A/F sensor Exhaust retarder Pressure sensor Temperature sensor 12

13 Outline Background Test Engine and Fuels PM Measurement Instruments PM Measurement Results Engine-out Aftertreatment-out Conclusions 13

14 Particle Size Distribution (medium load) 2.0E6 Engine speed : 1600 rpm BMEP : 0.64 MPa Particle number concentration [1/cm 3 ] 1.5E6 1.0E6 5.0E5 Diesel fuel RME 0.0E Particle size [nm] 14

15 Combustion Characteristics (medium load) Cylinder pressure [MPa] Needle lift [mm] Diesel fuel RME Motoring Engine speed : 1600 rpm BMEP : 0.64 MPa Crank angle [deg.ca ATDC] Heat release rate [J/deg.] 15

16 Engine-out PM Emission 0.08 PM emission [g/kwh] Diesel fuel (EEPS) Diesel fuel (MSS) RME (MSS) RME (EEPS) BMEP [MPa] 16

17 Soot Ratio in PM Emission Ratio of soot and the other components in PM emission [-] Soot Other components Diesel fuel (Soot) Diesel fuel (Other) RME (Soot) RME (Other) BMEP [MPa] 17

18 PM Emission in JE05 Mode (Diesel Fuel) 18 Particle size [nm] 1.4E6 1.2E6 1.0E6 8.0E5 6.0E5 4.0E5 2.0E5 0.0E Time [sec.] Particle number density [1/cm 3 ]

19 PM Emission in JE05 Mode (RME) 1.4E6 1.2E6 1.0E6 8.0E5 6.0E5 4.0E5 2.0E5 0.0E Particle size [nm] Time [sec.] Particle number density [1/cm 3 ]

20 Outline Background Test Engine and Fuels PM Measurement Instruments PM Measurement Results Engine-out Aftertreatment-out Conclusions 20

21 Aftertreatment-out PM Emission Engine speed : 1600 rpm 0.08 PM emission [g/kwh] Diesel fuel (engine-out) Diesel fuel (catalyst-out) RME (engine-out) RME (catalyst-out) BMEP [MPa] 21

22 Exhaust Temperature Engine speed : 1600 rpm 500 Exhaust temperature [ ] Distillation temperature Diesel fuel Diesel fuel RME RME BMEP [MPa] 22

23 NOx Emission Engine speed : 1600 rpm 8 NOx emission [g/kwh] Diesel fuel (engine-out) Diesel fuel (catalyst-out) RME (engine-out) RME (catalyst-out) BMEP [MPa] 23

24 Outline Background Test Engine and Fuels PM Measurement Instruments PM Measurement Results Engine-out Aftertreatment-out Conclusions 24

25 Conclusions Engine-out PM emission Biodiesel causes smaller primary soot particle size and lower particle number density due to the effect of oxygenated fuel. If biodiesel is applied to modern diesel engine, low volatility of biodiesel does not increase SOF emission due to the fine combustion tuning. Aftertreatment-out PM emission Aftertreatment-out PM emission is higher than that of diesel fuel due to SOF emission derived from biodiesel injected as a rich spike. 25

26 Thank you for your kind attention! National Traffic Safety and Environment Laboratory Tokyo, JAPAN

27 Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS) Fast size distributions for submicron aerosol 10 Hz time resolution High size resolution 16 size channels per decade (32 channels total) From 5.6 to 560 nm TSI Model

28 Micro Soot Sensor (MSS) Transient measurement of soot concentration [mg/m 3 ] 10 Hz time resolution Sensitive to soot No interference to other components AVL 483 Micro Soot Sensor High measuring range From 0 to 50 mg/m 3 28

29 Particle Size Distribution (low load) 2.0E6 Engine speed : 1600 rpm BMEP : 0.13 MPa Particle number concentration [1/cm 3 ] 1.5E6 1.0E6 5.0E5 Diesel fuel RME 0.0E Particle size [nm] 29

30 Particle Size Distribution (high load) 2.0E6 Engine speed : 1600 rpm BMEP : 1.14 MPa Particle number concentration [1/cm 3 ] 1.5E6 1.0E6 5.0E5 Diesel fuel RME 0.0E Particle size [nm] 30

31 Combustion Characteristics (low load) Cylinder pressure [MPa] Needle lift [mm] Diesel fuel RME Motoring Engine Speed : 1600 rpm BMEP : 0.13 MPa Crank angle [deg.ca ATDC] Heat release rate [J/deg.] 31

32 Combustion Characteristics (high load) Cylinder pressure [MPa] Needle lift [mm] Diesel fuel RME Motoring Engine speed : 1600 rpm BMEP : 1.14 MPa Crank angle [deg.ca ATDC] Heat release rate [J/deg.] 32

33 HC Emission Engine speed : 1600 rpm HC emission [g/kwh] Diesel fuel (engine-out) Diesel fuel (catalyst-out) RME (engine-out) RME (catalyst-out) BMEP [MPa] 33

34 CO Emission Engine speed : 1600 rpm CO emission [g/kwh] Diesel fuel (engine-out) Diesel fuel (catalyst-out) RME (engine-out) RME (catalyst-out) BMEP [MPa] 34

35 Particle Structure Diesel Fuel RME Smaller primary soot particle size Lower particle number density No change in SOF ratio 35