Alternative Fuels for DI-Diesel Engines Meeting Future Emission Standards
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1 1 Alternative Fuels for DI-Diesel Engines Meeting Future Emission Standards ERC Symposium Madison, June 6, 2007 Erik Koehler and Dean Tomazic FEV Engine Technology, Inc. Auburn Hills, MI, USA
2 2 Overview 1. Introduction 2. Current Market Situation 3. GTL 4. Biodiesel 5. Alcohols 6. Potential Approaches and Technologies 7. Summary
3 Influence of Fuel Properties 3 Fuel Availability Fuel Cost Performance Fuel Properties CO2 Emissions Emissions NVH Behavior
4 4 Overview 1. Introduction 2. Current Market Situation 3. GTL 4. Biodiesel 5. Alcohols 6. Potential Approaches and Technologies 7. Summary
5 5
6 6 Overview 1. Introduction 2. Current Market Situation 3. GTL 4. Biodiesel 5. Alcohols 6. Potential Approaches and Technologies 7. Summary
7 GTL (Gas-to-Liquid) 7 Pros No Sulfur No Aromatics High CN# Cons Investment Infrastructure Cost
8 8
9 44 i [%] EU Diesel Fuel GTL Fuel COPI ISCO [g/kwh] ISNO x [g/kwh] 2.5 ISHC [g/kwh] PARPI ISPM [g/kwh] rpm, IMEP=2.8 bar ISNO x [g/kwh] 9
10 EU Diesel Fuel GTL-Fuel Cylinder Pressure [bar] rpm, IMEP=2.8 bar XEGR=45%, ISNOx=0.5g/kWh Burning Rate [1/ CA] dp/d [bar/ CA] Burned Mass Fraction [-] Crank Angle [ ] Crank Angle [ ]
11 Indicated Effiency [%] ETAI ISHC [g/kwh] CSL [db(a)] ISNOx [g/kwh] Diesel Fuel GTL-Fuel ISPM [g/kwh] ISCO [g/kwh] ISNO x [g/kwh] 2000 rpm, IMEP=7.8 bar
12 EU Diesel Fuel GTL Fuel Cylinder Pressure [bar] rpm, IMEP=7.8 bar X EGR =30%, ISNOx=0.8g/kWh Burning Rate [1/ CA] Burned Mass Fraction [-] Crank Angle [ ] Mean Cylinder Temperature [K] Crank Angle [ ]
13 13
14 ERC Research Symposium GTL diesel fuel shows significant potential to improve the NOx-PM trade-off, particularly at low engine loads. HC and CO emissions, which might become very challenging with reduced compression ratios and/or higher degrees of combustion homogenization, can be reduced significantly. The ignition delay is substantially shortened with GTL fuels, resulting in a more advanced and rapid combustion of the pilot quantity, which allows a lower compression ratio and better cold start behavior. To use the full potential of such fuels, the application of an optimized pilot injection strategy is necessary. Combustion stability is considerably improved, thus allowing stable engine operation at higher EGR rates compared to conventional diesel fuel. GTL diesel fuel allows similar full load performance compared to fossil diesel fuel. However, due to the lower volumetric heating value of GTL, injection system hardware and injection strategy require reconfiguration. The hydraulic investigations revealed a similar behavior of the piezoelectric common-rail system for both GTL and fossil diesel fuel. 14
15 15 Overview 1. Introduction 2. Current Market Situation 3. GTL 4. Biodiesel 5. Alcohols 6. Potential Approaches and Technologies 7. Summary
16 Impact of Biodiesel on Emissions 16 Source: EPA Biodiesel Report October 2002
17 Impact of Biodiesel on NOx Emissions 17 Source: EPA Biodiesel Report October 2002
18 Impact of Biodiesel on Aftertreatment Controlled Lambda =
19 Impact of Biodiesel on Aftertreatment 19
20 20 Overview 1. Introduction 2. Current Market Situation 3. GTL 4. Biodiesel 5. Alcohols 6. Potential Approaches and Technologies 7. Summary
21 26 21 Compression Ratio [-] Alcohols Premium Regular Gasoline Kerosene Self-Ignition Bad Good Diesel Fuel Cetane Number [-]
22 22 Property Ethanol Methanol Diesel Net Heat [kj/kg] 26,800 19,700 42,500 Heat of Evap. [kj/kg] 904 1, Cetane Number [-] Carbon Content [wt%] Hydrogen Content [wt%] Oxygen Content [wt%] Intake Valve Direction of Swirl Nozzle Glow Plug Ignition Jet Exhaust Valve
23 23 Overview 1. Introduction 2. Current Market Situation 3. GTL 4. Biodiesel 5. Alcohols 6. Potential Approaches and Technologies 7. Summary
24 Influence of Fuel Properties on Combustion System Benefits 24 Conventional Combustion System Short ignition delay Short pre-mix combustion Low dp/d good NVH Lower NOx Cetane # Alternative Combustion System Long ignition delay Long pre-mix combustion High dp/d bad NVH Very low NOx and PM Ignition Delay
25 Cylinder Pressure Controlled Combustion 25 Siemens Beru Bosch Optrand
26 26 Overview 1. Introduction 2. Current Market Situation 3. GTL 4. Biodiesel 5. Alcohols 6. Potential Approaches and Technologies 7. Summary
27 27 Summary Fuels have evolved to important factors defining noise, performance, and emissions Designer fuels and corresponding blends increase in value GTL and biodiesel offer many advantages but are not available in desired quantities yet GTL- or Biodiesel-Diesel blends will be targeted Alcohols due to low cetane number and net heat do not represent meaningful alternatives for diesel engines Technologies to maintain high efficiencies and low emissions need to be adapted (engine & aftertreatment) working independently of the fuel type/quality level
28 28 Back-Up Slides
29 Fuel Types 29 Most common fuel property variations: Cetane Number ( CN > 10 units) Sulfur Content ( S > 250 ppm for 500 ppm fuel; misfueling: S > 2500 ppm ) Possible Fuel Types for Tier 4: ULSD Biodiesel (neat or blended) GTL, BTL Impact on aftertreatment (durability, regeneration behavior/corrections, etc.) Closed-loop feedback for emissions and performance optimization Influence on NVH behavior Influence on engine components (acidity, corrosivity, etc.) Remedies: Smart engine control system (adaptive learning) w/ closed-loop feedback References: Biodiesel Fuel Blend Effects, 17 th CRC Vehicle Emissions Workshop 2007; SAE Potential of Synthetic Fuels
30 2007 Certification Fuel Specifications 30 Specific gravity: Sulfur content: Flash point: Viscosity kg/l 8-12 ppm 130ºF (min.) 2.0 cst (min.) Cetane number: Cetane index: Aromatics: % by vol. Distillation Curve (ASTM D86): 10% 50% 90% ºF ºF ºF
31 Impact of Fuel Sulfur Content on SO2 Emissions 31
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