Sousuke Sasaki, Yoshio Tonegawa Japan Automobile Research Institute. 17th August th International ETH-Conference on JARI

Transcription

1 Development of the partial flow diluter for the measurement of particle size distribution and the investigation of nuclei mode particle during the transient cycles Sousuke Sasaki, Yoshio Tonegawa Japan Automobile Research Institute

2 Objectives Optimize the measuring method of real world PM size distribution from vehicles Evaluate vehicles for nuclei mode particles Real world : Short time after tailpipe emission Secondary aerosol formation is not included

3 Presentation overview 1. Partial flow diluter (PPFD-II) 2. Key factors for nucleation mode measurements 3. Investigation of nuclei mode during the transient cycles 4. Effects of after-treatments on nucleation mode particles 5. Conclusion 6. Further Study

4 PPFD-I for investigation of dilution processes 1.Partial flow diluter (PPFD-II) dn/dlogdp xdr [cm -3] 1.E+09 Full Tunnel DR 42 1.E+08 Full Tunnel DR 288 (Partial Flow ) 1.E+07 1.E+06 1.E+05 1.E+04 50km/h RL 1.E+03 Simple Frame Wind Tunnel DR 268 PFDD (1000 mm I.D.) DR 253 Chase 10m DR E Mobility Diameter [nm] 17th August th International ETH-Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles JARI

5 PPFD-II 1.Partial flow diluter (PPFD-II) Tunnel 空気断熱層 トンネル Air layer for heat Insulation Mixing point Exhaust gas Instrument SMPS (CPC3025) DMS Engine Exhaust 二重管 ( 外管 ) orifice オリフィス板 Double tube Transfer tube Ejector Orifice PPFD-II Controller Operation mode Const. Dilution ratio Const. Split ratio Suction flow rate : 65 to 130 L/min Dilution air Flow rate : 65 to 130 L/min Temperature : 5 to 35 C Relative humidity : 20 to 80 % Residence time : 0.9,1,2,3,6 sec Ultrasinic Exhaust gas measument system 200Hz sampling

6 Sampling probe of PPFD-II 1.Partial flow diluter (PPFD-II) Mixing point Air layer for heat Insulation Tunnel 空気断熱層 トンネル Exhaust gas orifice Double tube Transfer tube

7 1.Partial flow diluter (PPFD-II) Sampling probes Additional residence tube ;6sec

8 Set up of the PPFD-II for CD test 1.Partial flow diluter (PPFD-II) Light duty diesel truck Passenger car PPFD-II SMPS PPFD-II

9 Main Measuring Instrument 2 Key factors for nuclei mode measurements Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer DMA(differential Mobility Analyzer + CPC(Condensation Particle Counter) 90sec/1data scan) 10nm to 400nm TSI Model DMS for transient mode analysis 17th August th International ETH-Conference on JARI

10 Comparison of SMPS vs. DMS 2 Key factors for nuclei mode measurements CAST generated particle : bimodal mode dn/dlogdp [cm-3] 3.5E E E E E E E+04 SMPS1 (CPC3025) SMPS2 (CPC3025) DMS 0.0E Mobility Diameter [nm]

11 Vehicle and Engine Specifications 2 Key factors for nuclei mode measurements Symbol G1 G2 D1 D2 D3 D4 E1 E2 Vehicle or Engine Exhaust gas regulation Gasoline Passenger car 1998 idling regulation Gasoline Passenger car 2000 regulation 25% reduction Diesel Passenger car Diesel Truck Diesel Truck Diesel Truck Diesel Engine Diesel Engine Fuel S (ppm) Gross vehicle weight (kg) Total displacement (L) Fuel system DI MPI DI- Common Rail DI DI DI DI- Common Rail DI- Common Rail After treatment TWC TWC OxiCat none none none none none

12 Key Factors for Nuclei Mode Measurements Formation of Nuclei mode particle Idling Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Light duty truck Deceleration period without fuel injection Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Light duty truck High temperature on Oxidation Catalyst Diesel passenger car with Oxi.Cat.

13 Humidity effects on nuclei mode Oxi.Cat Passenger diesel at high load condition 2 Key factors for nuclei mode measurements x DR [cm-3] dn/dlogdp 1.0E E E C 30 RH % 20 C 50 RH % 20 C 80 RH % D1: Diesel Passenger Car with Oxi.Cat rpm, 6% gradient Fuel S : 28ppm PPFD-II DR:40 Dilution air: 20 C,30-80%RH SMPS 1.0E Mobility Diameter [nm] 17th August th International ETH-Conference on JARI

14 Dilution effects on nuclei mode Oxi.Cat Passenger diesel at high load condition 2 Key factors for nuclei mode measurements 20 C 80% dn/dlogdp xdr [cm-1] 1E+11 1E+10 1E+09 1E+08 1E+07 1E+06 1E Mobility Diameter [nm] D1: Diesel Passenger Car with Oxi.Cat rpm, 6% gradient Fuel S : 28ppm PPFD-II: DR:18 to 85 Dilution air: 20 C,80%RH DMS

15 Deceleration period without fuel injection no effects of humidity 2 Key factors for nuclei mode measurements 17th August th International ETH-Conference on JARI dn/dlogdp x DR [sec-1] 7.0E E E E E E E+14 Average Particle size distribution during negative driving force 25 C 20 %RH 25 C 50 %RH 25 C 80 %RH D2: Diesel Light duty truck JE05 mode Fuel S : 28ppm PPFD-II: DR:200 Dilution air: 25 C,20-80%RH DMS 0.0E Mobility Diameter [nm]

16 Test Cycles 3 Investigation of nuclei mode during the transient cycle [km/hr] [km/hr] CD34; Passenger Vehicle from Test duration [sec] JE05; HD from Test duration [sec]

17 Definition 3 Investigation of nuclei mode during the transient cycle Total PM = Σ dn/dlog Dp / 16 DMS 5nm to 1000nm PM emission rate [N/sec] = PM number concentration [N/cc] x 10 6 x exhaust flow rate [m 3 /sec] 17th August th International ETH-Conference on JARI

18 Example of DMS result D2:Light Duty Diesel Truck, DR=200,Temp 25 C,50%RH 3 Investigation of nuclei mode during the transient cycle 1.0E E E E+14 dn/dlog(dp) / cc Particle diameter(nm) (rpm) Particle diamete (nm) (rpm) Particle diameter(nm) (rpm)

19 Averaged PM size distribution 3 Investigation of nuclei mode during the transient cycle Averaged PM size distribution during transient mode dn/dlogdp xdr [sec-1] 7E+12 6E+12 5E+12 4E+12 3E+12 2E+12 1E+12 D2: DI D1: Oxi.Cat. G1: SIDI G2: MPI Mode: Transient D2; JE05 D1,G1,G2 ; CD34 Fuel S : 28ppm PPFD-II DR:40 Dilution air: 25 C,50%RH DMS 0E Mobility Diameter [nm] 17th August th International ETH-Conference on JARI

20 Effect of Oxidation Catalyst 4 Effects of after-treatments on nucleation mode particles dn/dlogdp [sec-1] 2.5E E E E E+11 Averaged PM size distribution with Oxi.Cat. w/o Oxi.Cat. D2: Diesel truck Mode ; JE05 Fuel S : 28ppm PPFD-II DR:200 Dilution air: 25 C,50%RH DMS 0.0E Mobility Diameter [nm]

21 Effect of Oxidation Catalyst 4 Effects of after-treatments on nucleation mode particles Averaged PM size distribution dn/dlogdp [sec-1] 4.5E E E E E E E E E E+00 w/o Oxi.Cat. with Oxi.Cat Mobility Diameter [nm] D3: Diesel truck Mode ; JE05 Fuel S : 28ppm PPFD-II DR:200 Dilution air: 25 C,50%RH DMS 17th August th International ETH-Conference on JARI

22 Effect of Oxidation Catalyst 4 Effects of after-treatments on nucleation mode particles Averaged PM size distribution dn/dlogdp [sec-1] 1.4E E E E E E E+12 w/o Oxi.Cat. with Oxi.Cat. D4: Diesel truck Mode ; JE05 Fuel S : 28ppm PPFD-II DR:200 Dilution air: 25 C,50%RH DMS 0.0E Mobility Diameter [nm]

23 Effects of After-Treatments on 17th August th International ETH-Conference on JARI Nuclei Mode Particle OxiCat and DPF 4 Effects of after-treatments on nucleation mode particles dn/dlogdp [sec-1] 3.5E E E E E E E+11 w/o Oxi.Cat. with Oxi.Cat. with C-DPF(DPX) E2: Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Mode ;JE05 Fuel S : 28ppm PPFD-II DR:200 Dilution air: 25 C,50%RH DMS 1.0E Mobility Diameter [nm]

24 Conclusion PPFD-II is developed. Higher dilution ratio and certain humidity is required to have stable result especially for nuclei mode. Nuclei mode particle can be reduced by the after-treatment such as oxidation catalyst. DPF is effective for reduction of both nuclei mode and accumulation mode particle. 17th August th International ETH-Conference on JARI

25 Further Study Data base of other vehicles and engines Traceability for particle number measurements Background effects on nuclei mode Chemical analysis of nuclei mode particle 17th August th International ETH-Conference on JARI

26 Acknowledgement Thank you to Mr. Higuchi of HORIBA Ltd. for modifying the micro tunnel and JAMA working group on fine particle measurements for the collaboration. Thank you for your kind attention