W orld E lectricity G eneration by F uel

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1 The Evolving Global Electric Supply Scenario and Biofuels Opportunities in Bangladesh BUET Dhaka, Bangladesh 03 March 2009 Professor Saifur Rahman Director Advanced Research Institute Virginia Polytechnic Inst & State University, U.S.A. 1 W orld E lectricity G eneration by F uel Source: IEA, Key World Energy Statistics 2008 ** Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, combustible renewables & waste 2 1

2 Transition from Central to D istributed 3 W orldw ide N on-h ydro R enew ables In 2007, wind capacity reached 93,849 MW (WWEA, 2008). The average annual growth rate in the last 10 years was close to 30% In 2007, photovoltaic (PV) capacity reached 9,100 MW (EPIA, 2008). Solar PV has a ten-year average annual growth rate of 31% In 2006, geothermal capacity reached 9,600 MW (BP, 2008). 4 2

3 W ind E nergy Off-shore Wind turbines, Blyth, U.K. 5 W ind F arm in H aw aii Source: NREL 6 3

4 U.S. W ind E nergy Projects (as of 12/31/2008) Source: Worldwide Cumulative Installed Wind Turbine Capacity (End of 2007) Megawatts (MW) Germany USA Spain India China Denmark Rest of the world Source: Source: 4

5 Solar Photovoltaics Rooftop PV Test Facility at Virginia Tech, USA 9 Solar Pow er H ighlights Current solar PV capacity: 9,100 megawatts (end of 2007) Some leading countries: - Germany (38.6%) - Japan (38.4%) - USA (12.9%) - Spain (1.6%) Above 40% growth rate continued in 2004 and 2005, more than doubling the solar PV capacity in two years. Source: EPIA, 2008 and BP,

6 G lobal Installed Solar Photovoltaics Cumulative Capacity ,100 6,851 5,253 2,795 3,847 Source: EPIA, Solar Photovoltaic A pplications Grid Connected applications Remote area applications Building Integrated PV (BIPV) 12 6

7 G rid-connected Photovoltaics, N ew York City 13 Photovoltaics for Railw ay Signaling in Tibet 14 7

8 B IPV - 4 Tim es Square N ew York Location: Construction: Conde Nast Building, NYC BIPV Curtain Wall Completed: July 2001 Peak capacity: 20kW Type: Custom triple-laminated 40W amorphous Si modules Environmental: >1million lbs of CO2 over its lifetime 15 B uilding Integrated PV at a Thai U niversity 23 8

9 B iodiversity M onitoring Project in B angladesh 23 Lehrter Train Station, G erm any Number of module: 1,440 Total area: 3,311 m 2 PV output: 325 kw Electricity generation: 274,000 kwh/yr Source:

10 H ydroelectricity L arge and Sm all 19 Three G orges D am in China 20 10

11 26 x 700 = 18,200 MW 21 Sm all-h ydro 22 11

12 N uclear Pow er Plant 23 Issues w ith N uclear E nergy Long term storage of nuclear spent fuel Concern about nuclear proliferation No greenhouse gas (CO2) emissions Cost: US $5 billion to $7 billion for a 1,500 MW plant 24 12

13 Costs of R enew able Pow er Technologies 25 Cost-Com petitiveness of Selected R enew able Pow er Technologies Source: Renewable Energy: RD&D Priorities, (c) Saifur OECD/IEA Rahman

14 Jatropha Plant and Seed 27 H ow m any tons of Jatropha seeds per acre? Assuming there is no intercropping needed, just jatropha plants, testing shows one can obtain an average of 7.5 kilograms of fruit or 3 kilograms of seeds per tree. Therefore, 6 tons/acre. At a minimum, several hundred acres of land needed for commercial operation

15 H ow m any liters of oil per 1,000 acres? With an average ratio conversion of 40% from seeds into Jatropha oil, trees can produce 2,400 tons of Jatropha oil per 1,000 acres. Applying a density rate of 0.9 kg/cm3, it is possible to obtain 2.7 Million liters of oil from 1,000 acres of land per year million liters of biodiesel per 1000 acres 29 Contact Information Name: Prof. Saifur Rahman Affiliation: Virginia Tech, USA Phone: (703) srahman@vt.edu Web site: Questions or Comments? 30 15