Surface Freight Environmental Footprints in the Ontario-Québec Continental Corridor Focus on Emissions
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1 Surface Freight Environmental Footprints in the Ontario-Québec Continental Corridor Focus on Emissions The Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative: Toronto Workshop June 17-18, 2010 John Lawson
2 Origins Footprint estimates for US Transportation Research Board project: Committee on the St. Lawrence Seaway: Options to Eliminate Introduction of Nonindigenous Species into the Great Lakes Project White Paper : The Environmental Footprint of Surface Freight Transportation, published 2007 J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 2
3 Potential dimensions of footprint Fuel use Greenhouse gas emissions Criteria air contaminant emissions Area of land occupied Water contamination (spills) Accidents Noise Congestion Aesthetics Introduction of non-indigenous species J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 3
4 Single index for footprint? WWF designed ecological footprint : area of biologically productive land and water needed to provide ecological resources and services food, fibre and timber, land on which to build and land to absorb CO2 released by burning fossil fuels. Then WWF compares footprint to land area of each country Relies on ingenious conversion of each requirement into land Can t handle pollutant emissions, noise, accidents, etc Possible conversion of all effects to cost not attempted here J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway 2and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 4
5 Propose: multi-dimensional tabulation standardised to traffic in tonne-km Effect Ship Rail Truck Fuel use tonne-km per litre Greenhouse gas emissions grammes per tonne-km NOx g/tonne-km VOCs g/tonne-km CO g/tonne-km PM g/tonne-km Land occupied hectares Accidents injuries per tonne-km Spills Noise noise depreciation cost per tonne-km Congestion delay time or $ per tonne-km Aesthetics Introduction of non-indigenous species J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 5
6 Quantification issues - Need to standardise to traffic - compare rates per tonne-kilometre - recognise tonne-km doesn t represent all aspects of service, notably speed & reliability; nor value of service - recognise also that modal averages include different service trip lengths, commodities, speeds, proportions line-haul vs collection/delivery - Need therefore to compare competitive traffic - not average impacts for each mode - compare only long-distance bulk traffic J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 6
7 Fuel & traffic data issues Generic problem with national stats both Canada and US that fuel sales cannot be related to traffic measures Fuel sales stats distinguish types of fuel, but not the vehicles/vessels/traffic for which they are used Traffic tonne-km stats where available are for sub-groups of traffic (e.g. Class I rail, domestic shipping, for-hire or inter-state trucking) Official NRCan and EPA comparisons of fuel use and GHG per tonne-km appear incorrect ship worse than train J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 7
8 Erroneous estimates from official data sources GHG Mt CO2e Billion tonnekm GHG g/tonnekm Canada Marine Rail Truck US Ships and boats Rail , Truck* , * 2003 figures, most recent for ton-km. Canadian estimates of fuel use and tonne-km from Natural Resources Canada Energy Use Data 2007; US data combine EPA fuel use with DOT-BTS tonne-km J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 8
9 Emissions data issues Emissions are not measured directly in traffic, but estimated from fuel use. Fuel use is usually estimated from assumed distributions of technologies in vehicle/vessels, combined with assumed kilometres travelled and assumed fuel consumptions rates per km. Assumptions differ among agencies; and in both US and Can, official GHG inventories are not consistent with CAC inventories Rates per tonne-km often use assumed average loadings. J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 9
10 Applicability of research from elsewhere Estimates available from research in other countries (notably EU): - might be applicable for vessels in similar operations - but not for trucks and trains, which differ internationally Engine technology and fuel composition is changing rapidly fuel use and emission rates improving in all modes J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 10
11 Marine emissions - Comparison of international studies - EPA study (98) includes estimates of tonne-km - Levelton study (06) for Transport Canada - For Great Lakes/St Lawrence/Canadian eastern waters - Uses Coast Guard data on 29,600 movements in Distinguishes vessel type, activity type, sub-region - Estimates fuel use for each movement, from engine type and speed - Uses emission factors from international research (UK, Sweden, US) - No tonne-km data add est. GHG/tonne-km from Cdn Shipowners Assocn in 2000 J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 11
12 Ship emissions estimates grams per tonne-km Study CO 2 CO HC NOx SOx PM 10 OECD (91) EU Befahy (93) Belgium SN (97) Neths ECMT (98) EU EPA (98) US Levelton (06) E n Can (10) * # IMO (07) worldwide 15.6 # * Estimate from Canada s national GHG strategy assessment # CO 2 e J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 12
13 Rail emissions estimates grams per tonne-km Study CO 2 CO HC NOx SOx PM 10 OECD (91) EU Schoemaker/Bouman (91) Neths RCEP (94) UK ECMT (98) EU RAC (07) Can 18 # # CO2e J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 13
14 Truck emissions estimates grams per tonne-km Study CO 2 CO HC NOx SOx PM 10 OECD (91) EU* Schoemaker/Bouman (91) Neths* ECMT (98) EU* Transport Canada (00) Can** Lawson (07) Canada long-haul Lawson (07) Canada 8-axle combination 103 # # # *large EU trucks/tractor-trailers ** all for-hire trucks J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 14
15 Truck emissions estimates grams per tonne-km 2-Axle Gasoline Truck, General Cargo, load 6.1 t 2-Axle Gasoline Truck, Bulk Freight, load 9.2 t 2-Axle Diesel Truck, General Cargo, load 6.1 t 2-Axle Diesel Truck, Bulk Freight, load 9.0 t 5-Axle Semi, Van, load 19.0 t 5-Axle Bulk Dry Tanker, load 29.8 t 8-Axle Super B, Van, load 32.3 t 8-Axle Super B, Bulk Dry Tanker, load 43.8 t Average in all For-Hire Trucking Source: Transport Canada inference from Trimac truck cost data, 1996 J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 15
16 Comparison of best estimates fuel use/intensity Freight mode Tonne-km per litre Ship (06) 315 Rail (07) 169 Truck 8-axle combination (07) 81 J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 16
17 Tonne-km per litre Ship Rail Truck J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 17
18 Comparison of best estimates grams per tonne-km Freight mode CO 2 e CO HC NOx SOx PM 10 Ship (06) Rail (07) Truck 8-axle combination (07) J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 18
19 Comparison of best estimates CO 2 e grams per tonne-km Ship Rail Truck J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 19
20 Comparison of best estimates CAC emissions grams per tonne-km CO Ship Rail Truck J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 20
21 Comparison of best estimates CAC emissions grams per tonne-km CO HC Ship Rail Truck Ship Rail Truck J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 21
22 Comparison of best estimates CAC emissions grams per tonne-km CO HC NOx Ship Rail Truck Ship Rail Truck 0.00 Ship Rail Truck J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 22
23 Comparison of best estimates CAC emissions grams per tonne-km CO HC NOx Ship Rail Truck Ship Rail Truck 0.00 Ship Rail Truck SOx Ship Rail Truck J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 23
24 Comparison of best estimates CAC emissions grams per tonne-km CO HC NOx Ship Rail Truck Ship Rail Truck 0.00 Ship Rail Truck SOx PM Ship Rail Truck 0.00 Ship Rail Truck J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 24
25 Second IMO GHG Study 2009 comparison by ship type and alternative modes J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 25
26 Second IMO GHG Study 2009 comparison by ship type and alternative modes; and Canadian median estimates Canada GL-SLS ship J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 26
27 Second IMO GHG Study 2009 comparison by ship type and alternative modes; and Canadian median estimates Canada rail J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 27
28 Second IMO GHG Study 2009 comparison by ship type and alternative modes; and Canadian median estimates Canada class 7 & 8 truck J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 28
29 Second IMO GHG Study 2009 comparison by ship type and alternative modes; and Canadian median estimates Canada 8-axle combination truck Canada class 7 & 8 truck J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 29
30 Second IMO GHG Study 2009 comparison by ship type and alternative modes; and Canadian median estimates Canada GL-SLS ship Canada rail Canada 8-axle combination truck Canada class 7 & 8 truck J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 30
31 Comparison of land area occupied Freight mode Land area hectares Ship facilities 10,000 Railtrack 10-15,000 Roads 36,000 Is such comparison useful? Intensities and types of use differ: serving different O-Ds and types of traffic (e.g. roads used more for passengers than freight, etc) Land used differs in value by mode No standardisation by traffic meaningful J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 31
32 Accidents Use system-wide statistics for US from DOT Reporting is routine Comparison to tonne-km is not routine suffers from problems of reporting tkm How to treat rail/hwy grade crossings? Truck occupant casualties don t represent full responsibility of trucks for casualties J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 32
33 Accidents - US estimates 2007 Freight mode Fatality rate Injury rate Accident rate Ship * Rail (exc crossings) Rail (inc crossings) Truck * J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 33
34 Accident rates 2007 Fatality rate per billion tonne-km 2007 Injury rate per billion tonne-km Ship Rail (exc. crossings) Rail (inc. crossings) Truck 0.0 Ship Rail (exc. crossings) Rail (inc. crossings) Truck 2006/7 Accident rate per billion tonne-km Ship Rail (exc. crossings) Rail (inc. crossings) Truck J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 34
35 Non-quantified dimensions Spills Noise Congestion Aesthetic degradation Introduction of non-indigenous species J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 35
36 Summary Table Effect Ship Rail Truck Fuel use tonne-km per litre Greenhouse gas emissions grammes per tonne-km NOx g/tonne-km VOCs g/tonne-km CO g/tonne-km PM g/tonne-km Land occupied hectares 10, ,000 36,000 Accidents injuries per tonne-km Spills L greater than ship Noise noise depreciation cost per tonne-km L M H Congestion delay time or $ per tonne-km L M H Aesthetics L M H Introduction of non-indigenous species H less than ship J. Lawson Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative Toronto, June 17/18, 2010 slide 36
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