Grid Integration of Renewables and Energy Storage

Transcription

1 Grid Integration of Renewables and Energy Storage

2 Contents Presentation Structure 1. Importance of Renewable Energy in Indian Context 2. Grid Integration Issues of Renewable Energy 3. Smart Grid Technologies Supporting RE Integration Advanced Metering Infrastructure RE Forecasting Smart Inverters Energy Storage Electric Vehicles Microgrids 2

3 Setting the Context - Policies to Support Solar 3 Solar is receiving high visibility and support at all levels India has momentum with National Solar Mission (NSM) National level goal is set at 40 GW in 2022 for rooftop Recent announcement to increase goal for Solar to 100 GW in 2022 India and France have launched an International Solar Alliance to boost solar energy in 121 developing countries. Green Energy Corridor being set up to strengthen Transmission of Renewable Energy 3

4 Solar Capacity : International Scenario Top 10 countries in 2015 based on total PV installed capacity (GW) Country Wise Solar Capacity Addition in 2015 (GW)

5 MW Importance of Renewable Energy in Indian Context Wind based Installations form a major part of the RE capacity in the country with solar having picked up in the recent years with similar share as small hydro and biomass Wind Power Solar Power Small Hydro Power Source: MNRE India Renewable Energy Capacity Capacity Addition (FY 16) Bio Power Waste to Power Total Capacity (MW) Total GoI Target 2022 Generation- source wise share (as on ) Others, 2% Solar, 2% Wind, 9% Hydro, 14% Nuclear, 2% Diesel, 0% Gas, 8% Coal, 62% Source: CEA, MNRE Grid Connected Stand Alone Solar Solar Rooftop Solar Park Wind Power Rest RE Target: 40 GW Target: 40 GW Target: 20 GW Target: 60 GW Target: 15 GW Going ahead, wind and solar sectors are expected to be the key leaders and thus the key focus in the Indian renewable energy sector 5

6 Grid Integration Issues of Renewable Energy Solar PV Seamless grid integration of RE requires smart technological support Wind Turbine Grid Integration Issues of RE Electric Grid Variability Variability is change in RE generation with respect to time. Partial cloud cover, changes in wind speed etc. make RE generation variable. Uncertainty Uncertainty is not knowing the variance in RE generation with perfect accuracy. Weather changes make forecasting difficult for short term. Graphs Source: Charanka Solar Generation, PGCIL 6

7 Source: Integrating Variable Renewable Energy with the Grid: Lessons from the Southern Region, Shakti Foundation, 2012 Source: Charanka Solar Generation, PGCIL, MW MW Source: Charanka Solar Generation, PGCIL, Grid Integration Issues of Renewable Energy Solar Variability Grid Integration Issues of RE Solar Uncertainty Time Typical solar generation at Charanka solar plant, Gujarat. Fluctuation in solar generation occurs due to partial cloud cover Time Typical solar generation at Charanka solar plant, Gujarat. Sudden drop in solar generation occurs due to dense cloud cover or rain. Wind Variability and Uncertainty Typical wind generation at Ponnapuram (Tamil Nadu) is shown in above graphs. Generation of wind turbine varies due to changes in weather. Also, wind generation dropped to zero in August 2011 due to sudden decrease in wind speed. 7

8 Grid Integration Issues of Renewable Energy. Both solar and wind energy have inherent variability and uncertainty of power generation. The effect of these issues become more profound when there is high RE penetration in grid. Real Power Imbalance FREQUENCY 50Hz Fluctuations in RE generation create imbalances in supply and demand which cannot be controlled by generators themselves Interventions from grid side required for managing these imbalances SUPPLY DEMAND Solutions for load balancing: Ramp-up and ramp-down of generators Use of ancillary services/reserves Load shedding Voltage Management Issues Voltage management issues due to high reactive power absorption by inductive motors of wind energy generators These voltage imbalances can further lead to transient inrush currents, cause temporary voltage sag, thermal stress, and can also sometimes cause the protection system to trip 8

9 ..Utilities of the Future and Future of the Utilities Electricity Distribution Electricity Markets Renewable Energy Energy Storage Transport Industrial Energy Efficiency Building Energy Efficiency Home Automation and Security Smart Cities and Shared Services 9 Source:

10 Essential Attributes of Smart Grid 10 Increased use of digital information and controls technology to improve reliability, security, and efficiency of the electric grid Dynamic optimization of grid operations; integration of distributed resources and generation, demand response, demand-side management etc. Deployment of smart technologies (real-time, automated, interactive technologies that optimize the physical operation of appliances and consumer devices) Integration of advanced electricity storage and peak-shaving technologies (plug-in electric, hybrid electric vehicles, thermal storage air conditioning etc.) Provision to consumers of timely information & control options

11 Smart Grid Vision for the Future Reduced Electrical Losses Improved Management of Outages Reduced manual processes Near real time access of energy information to consumers Dynamic tariff and more payment options Better management of renewable distributed generation resources Increased use of Demand Response Creating a platform for smart applications like EV charging, energy storage, building energy management system, street lights etc. 27

12 Major Projects under Smart Grid Business Intelligence / Data Analytics Advanced Metering Infrastructure Business Analytics Integrated Communications Field Force Automation Smart Meters Meter Data Management System (MDM) Enterprise Service Bus Energy Audit Analytics Revenue Protection Analytics Revenue Assurance Analytics Gap assessment for existing communication technology Technical / scalability issues Mobile devices & integrated mobile communication Real time crew management Electronic dispatch of schedule and emergent work Infrastructure Distribution transformer monitoring Technology Option( SDH,MPLS) Electronic close out of work

13 Grid Integration Issues of RE Variability Uncertainty Smart Grid Technologies Supporting RE Integration SMART GRID SOLUTIONS SCADA Advanced Metering Infrastructure Data Center Smart Storage Pricing Schemes Smart Inverter Advanced Metering Infrastructure Microgrid Electric Vehicle Demand Response Demand Side Management Grid Operations Improvement Balancing Reserves Solutions Load Shift / Curtailment Issues of variability and uncertainty can be solved using improved measures in grid operations, enabling balancing reserves and implementing load shifting/curtailment techniques. Smart grids through it various applications helps in seamless RE integration by enabling the above solutions. 13

14 New Technology Introduction in Smart Grid Advanced Distributed Management System (ADMS) Unified SCADA, DMS & OMS for better efficiency in monitoring & control Enterprise Geographical Information System (GIS) Standards based integration possible with other IT /OT applications Integrated Communication Technologies (ICT) For meeting communication requirements of smart grid Business Intelligence(BI) Advanced Data analytics (DA) based on advanced Mathematical & Statistical modelling AMI & ESB Smart Metering for consumers having bulk consumption and Distributed Energy Resources 25

15 Distributed Energy Resources Portfolio for Utilities Grid Connected Rooftop Solar MNRE Target for each State has been defined Automated Demand Response Potential to be identified for Bulk Consumers Energy Storage Explore utility level Energy Storage options Micro Grid Both Rural as well as Urban Micro-Grid feasibility to be examined 14 23

16 Key AMI Functions 2-Way Communications On-Demand reads Self discovery and self registering Meter tampering indication Security provisions Self diagnostics Outage and restoration event notifications 16

17 Smart Grid Technologies Supporting RE Integration Advanced Metering Infrastructure AMI enables accurate data gathering, establishes two-way communication channel between consumer and utility and enables demand response programs, all of which facilitate grid integration of RE Measurement of RE Output AMI enables monitoring of RE generation Gathered data can be analyzed for designing incentive schemes Information related to customer benefits can be relayed to Home Energy Management Systems Dynamic Pricing and Demand Response AMI enables Demand Response and other load shifting/curtailment programs to cater the variability in RE generation. Distributed Automation (DA) Integration AMI provides communication channel to enable automated control techniques for optimizing power distribution DA to help in managing RE variability, power ramping of reserve generators and bidirectional power flows. Smart inverter can be controlled for efficient management of RE sources. AMI enables dynamic pricing, leading to appropriate load adjustment at their end. This helps in managing demand-supply imbalance created due to RE generation. 17

18 SmartMap Application Project Overview Smart Grid Technologies Supporting RE Integration Case Study: AMI Ontario, Canada Ontario is employing analytical software tool to leverage real time AMI data to better plan for, and operate, a grid with increasing RE penetration. Ontario s Smart Grid Fund (SGF) program supported the integration of SmartMap into Essex Powerlines operations from 2012 through SmartMap is an analytical software tool that leverages multiple real time data sources (meters, reclosers, line sensors) and provides powerful operational and asset management capabilities at a low cost. It uses geographic analysis over the collected data from smart meters and other sensors to create distribution system simulation. SmartMap solution has helped Essex Powerlines to safely integrate numerous solar PV projects, representing 550 kw of capacity, with complete visibility into the performance of resources as small as 10 kw or less. 18

19 Smart Grid Technologies Supporting RE Integration RE Forecasting Smart grid enables accurate and efficient forecasting by gathering data related to system performance, system s critical parameters and power usage using equipment viz. smart meters, PLC and sensors etc. Cloud Movement data Sky-facing cameras with Cloud tracking technology Wind Turbine Data Wind speed, wind direction and temperature Smart Grid data Programmable logic controller, Smart meters, sensors Historical weather data Renewable Energy Forecasting Tool 1-2 days ahead predictions 1-6 hrs ahead predictions Real-time local conditions Accurate forecasting allows grid operators to take preventive actions for grid stability Statistical models used for predicting future weather conditions using real-time weather data, historical weather data, cloud movement data, wind turbine data and smart grid equipment data. 19

20 Smart Grid Technologies Supporting RE Integration Smart Inverters Smart Inverters when used for interfacing RE sources with the electricity grid can enable mitigation of several integration challenges namely transient, grid voltage fluctuations ( flicker ), steady-state grid voltage problems, frequency deviations etc. PV Solar PV Grid Smart Inverter Controller Transformer 1 Volt-VAR 2 Event Ridethrough Monitoring Power Reduction 3 Grid High-Freq. Reactive Control 4 5 Ramp-rate Control Regulation of voltage by injecting VARs which is a function of grid voltage Inverter can regulate on its own or on command of grid operator Brief fluctuations of voltage and frequency can be resolved by inverter During RE fluctuations, inverter remains online resulting in no disruptions of RE supply Smart inverters can monitor grid voltage, frequency, current and phase angle Collected information can be sent to grid operators Reduction of power from RE sources when the grid frequency reached a specific higher threshold value This function of smart inverters helps in maintaining grid stability Smart inverters can be controlled to limit the rate at which power from RE ramps up or down Control of ramp-rate ensures grid stability 20

21 Smart Grid Technologies Supporting RE Integration Smart Inverters Case Study: Puerto Rico, USA Employing of Smart Inverters by Puerto Rico to regulate both reactive and active power in its new and upcoming RE plants Puerto Rico has installed generation capacity of 5.8 GW. It planned for RE installation of over 1 GW capacity. Due to the geographic limitation of being situated on an island, it couldn t rely on neighboring countries for power balancing. Self-regulation capability of both real power and reactive power output is required by Puerto Rico for integrating RE with its grid. Solar project developers now installing smart inverters with Volt-Ampere Reactive (VAR) control and fault ride-through capability, and battery storage systems for introducing the regulation capability. The first of this kind of installation completed in

22 Demand < RE Generation Smart Grid Technologies Supporting RE Integration Energy Storage System (ESS) MW Surplus RE stored in ESS Demand > RE Generation ESS provides stored RE Electricity Demand RE Generation Variability in RE generation Base load generation (inflexible) 0 12 Hours 24 Demand Supply Management ESS charges in case of low demand and stores RE for later usage ESS discharges in case of high demand to balance the demand and uses stored RE Smart grid communication infrastructure is used in managing this charging and discharging of ESS Frequency Fluctuations Management Changes in frequency are induced by variability of RE generation Smart grid enables fast automated response to these fluctuations by controlling ESS Time and rate of charge/discharge of ESS are managed to counter frequency fluctuations 22

23 Panoramic intelligent optimal control system Phase 1 architecture Smart Grid Technologies Supporting RE Integration Energy Storage System (ESS) Case Study: Grid-side EES project, China A large scale RE power plant consisting of 100 MW wind power, 40 MW solar PV, 20 MW-36 MW battery storage and smart transmission technologies completed in 2011 Premier example of integrating utility-scale wind and solar PV generation with large scale lithium-ion battery energy storage Underlying technologies include panoramic intelligent optimal control system, panoramic monitoring, intelligent optimization, smooth mode-switching between wind, solar and storage. This system of intelligent technologies helped the project to meet targets of output smoothing, schedule following, load levelling and frequency regulation. 23

24 Smart Grid Technologies Supporting RE Integration Electric Vehicles (For Storage) Electric vehicles use electric motors to drive their wheels and derive some or all of their power from large, rechargeable batteries. These batteries can be utilized as reserves for enabling grid integration of RE. Grid to Vehicle EVs absorbs excess RE generation for charging their batteries. Communication channel and smart charging infrastructure help in grid to vehicle transfer of electricity Pricing signals adjusted according to the RE generation so there is an incentive for shifting charging of EV at that time. For example, low pricing will reflect high RE generation which will initiate charging of EV. Vehicle to grid EV manages decrease in RE generation by supplying back the stored energy. Communication and charging infrastructure help in vehicle to grid transfer of electricity. Distress signal communicated to EV for supplying its stored electricity to grid. In response EV will be discharged to support the power shortage. 24

25 Smart Grid Technologies Supporting RE Integration Electric Vehicles Case Study: Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore campus Laboratory of Clean Energy Research (LaCER) at the NTU conducted an analysis to assess suitability of PHEVs in a campus scale micro grid. Impact of PHEV integration in smart grid with renewable energy besides the conventional thermal power plants and diesel generators was observed. Without considering PHEV integration Wind energy is used primarily as it is utilized at zero cost. Diesel and thermal generators are used to balance wind generators With PHEV integration Excess wind energy generation is stored in the PHEV battery (charging, G2V) and returned back when generation is less (discharging, V2G) Diesel and thermal consumption is lower. OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 1 OPTION 2 Result In case of excess wind energy, batteries of the PHEV is charged. These batteries of the fleet are discharged when wind generation is low to support the grid. RESULT Source: School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University,

26 Smart Grid Technologies Supporting RE Integration Microgrids A Microgrid can function in islanding mode during grid outages in order to ensure continuity of supply from RE sources Renewable sources of energy generation Wind Bio Energy Solar energy Small hydro (if available) Conventional sources of energy generation Main grid Diesel generators Gas Turbines Automation, Control and monitoring systems Advance metering infrastructure Control systems Automation software Load and generation balancing Charge controllers Sensors Optimization system based on performance matrices (economics, carbon footprint, reliability, etc.) Storage Systems Fuel cells Battery Banks Pumped Storage (if available) Applicable Loads Domestic Commercial Industrial Within Campus Hostel, Administrative Block, Academic Block, Laboratory, Kitchen etc Variability is managed by microgrid controller through voltage and frequency control Uncertainty of RE generation is managed by microgrid controller. It uses forecasting techniques to optimize the electricity generation. This forecasting is based on demand data, solar profile and weather predictions. Energy storage helps in load balancing and managing brief fluctuations in RE generation. In case of excess of RE generation, the energy is stored in energy storage resources which can be later utilized in managing the fluctuations in RE generation. 26

27 Access to Electricity: Rural Solar Micro-Grid: 3 focus areas Improved storage Improve battery performance and longevity Exploring different Battery Technology and Inverter Technology Solar Test Bed Integrated utility-in-a-box Better standardization and integration of components and enhanced functionality. Integrated Energy Management System leading to Smart Micro-Grid to be tested in Bihar Micro-Grids Commercially viable, largescale rural electrification Affordable energy-efficient appliances Optimise demand for electricity by affordable, energy-efficient appliances To explore opportunities for financing and other businessmodel innovations of Energy Efficient Appliance

28 Smart Grid Technologies Supporting RE Integration Case Study: Microgrid Uttar Pradesh 1/2 Mini-grid players operating in Uttar Pradesh are: Uttar Pradesh New and Renewable Energy Development Agency (UPNEDA), Smart Power India, Mera Gao Power, Minda, TERI and Naturetech Infra etc. Parameter Implementing agency/company Mera Gao Power Micro-grid Program Mera Gao Power - a private company Naturetech Infra AC Solar Mini-grid Program Naturetech Infra - a social enterprise Smart Power for Rural Development Initiative (SPRD) Smart Power India (SPI) Area of deployment 500 hamlets serving villages in UP & 1 village in Rural areas of UP & Bihar households Bihar Hours of supply 5-7 hours/day 24 hours/day 24 hours/day Connection provided Service delivery Solar DC based mini-grid 2 light points (LEDs 1W each )and facility for mobile phone charging MGP is responsible for installation, commissioning, generation & supply of electricity Community model - local women s group supports MGP in revenue and collection 2 LED lights & 1 power point for TV/music system/ computer, etc, electric transport, rural micro enterprises Naturetech Infra- responsible for installation, laying of distribution network & internal household wiring (assisted by villagers) Naturetech Infra has identified a person within the village to collect monthly charges Anchor tenant (telecom tower)/ aggregation of load & households, institutional, shops & commercial loads SPI provides technical advice, policy advocacy, project development support to the ESCO ESCOs responsible for building & operating the generating system & the distribution network ESCOs take care of revenue collection & customer grievance redressal 28

29 Smart Grid Technologies Supporting RE Integration Case Study: Microgrid Uttar Pradesh 2/2 UP Mini-grid models cont. Parameter Mera Gao Power Micro-grid Program Naturetech Infra AC Solar Minigrid Program Smart Power for Rural Development Initiative (SPRD) Tariff determination Connection fee - INR 50 and weekly tariff of INR 25/ week Customers pay as per their estimated usages in advance like prepaid mobile phones Tariffs packages are applicable depending upon the type of customer (Table 2) Operations & maintenance Team of maintenance electricians Battery replacement done by MGP MGP trains local people to operate, Naturetech Infra identifies a person within the village and trains him to operate the PVbased mini-grid system ESCOs responsible for plant operations & maintenance. Community engagement to ensure better services Achievement MGP has connected 15,000 households spreading across 500 hamlets in Sitapur and Barabanki districts in Uttar Pradesh Solar micro grids have been operating at about 98% availability & 100% reliability Naturetech Infra has created socio-economic benefits in the 11 villages (2 states). Also provides complementary clean energy products SPI has invested in 6 companies, operating 81+ mini-grids serving nearly 20,000 customers Overall customer base increased by 48% (Nov to Jan. 2016) 29

30 Thank You