Frequency containment as a grid service Ville Tikka

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3 Frequency containment as a grid service Ville Tikka

4 Outline Introduction to frequency containment Reserves Reserve prices Frequency statistics Examples of FRC-N Conclusion

5 Introduction to frequency containment

6 Reserves in Finland Reserve types 1. Frequency Containment Reserves (FCR) are used for the constant control of frequency. FCR-N normal operation FCR-D disturbance reserve 2. The purpose of Frequency Restoration Reserves (FRR) is to return the frequency to its normal range and to release activated Frequency Containment Reserves back into use. 3. Replacement Reserves (RR) release activated Frequency Restoration Reserves back to a state of readiness in case of new disturbances. Source:

7 Reserves in Finland Reserve properties Source:

8 Reserves in Finland FCR requirements source:

9 Reserves in Finland FCR-N and FCR-D markets Yearly market Bidding competition organised once a year (autumn). In the middle of a contractual period, it is not possible to enter by making a yearly agreement for reserve maintenance. The amount based on reserve plans is bought in total. Reserve plans must be submitted the previous day by 6 pm (EET). The operator is obliged to maintain the reserve it sells to the yearly market within the framework of its free capacity after ELSPOT market. Fixed price is valid throughout the year. This is set based on the most expensive bid approved for the yearly market. Hourly market A reserve owner can participate in the hourly market by making a separate agreement with Fingrid. This does not require making a yearly agreement. Possible to enter the hourly market even in the middle of the year. TSO buys only required amount of reserve. Bids for the hours in the following 24-hour period must be submitted by 6.30 pm (EET). Reserve owners may submit daily offers for their reserve capacity. An operator that has a yearly agreement may participate in the hourly market only if it has supplied the reserve amount specified in the yearly agreement in full. Payment is set based on the most expensive bid used separately for each hour. source:

10 Reserves in Finland FCR-N and FCR-N market data Annual market (established 2011) Prices are higher on hourly market, but risk of zero price exist Price [ /MWh ] FCR-N [ /MW] FCN-D [ /MW ] Annual market prices Year FCR-N [ /MW] FCN-D [ /MW ] ,97 1, ,97 2, ,36 3, ,8 4, Year Source:

11 Reserves in Finland FCR-N and FCR-N market data /MW 500,00 450,00 400,00 350,00 300,00 250,00 FCR-N prices during (hourly market) Averages: FCR-N FCR-D 2011: /MW /MW 2012: /MW 6.02 /MW 2013: /MW /MW FCR-N( /MW) 2013 FCR-N ( /MW) 2012 FCR-N ( /MW) ,00 150,00 100,00 50,00 0, Hour Source:

12 Reserves in Finland Up and Down Regulation Prices (FFR-M) Down regulation prices Up regulation prices Number of hours in bin Price based on lowest down regulation bid, but no more than SPOT price of the present hour Number of hours in bin Price based on highest up regulation bid, but no less than SPOT price of the present hour Bin centers, price [ EUR / MWh ] Bin centers, price [ EUR / MWh ] Source:

13 Number of events per month Frequency statistic Frequency quality data Frequency quality Number of times per month when frequency has exceeded 50,1 Hz and 49,9 Hz (Number of times frequency has been outside of the normal operation range) Tunninvaihteiden Frequency quality suuret change ja nopeat due tuotannon to substantial muutokset power ja differential markkinaintegraation between hours. myötä Market lisääntyneet integration suuret within tehonmuutokset Nordic Countries Pohjoismaiden and ja Keski-Euroopan Central Europe välillä has tunninvaihteissa increased power heikentävät differential pohjoismaisen between hours. taajuuden laatua. Source:

14 Frequency statistic Frequency distribution Frequency data ms mean values, approx. 300 million samples / year Share of samples in bin Year Coverage of the data [ % ] , , , , , ,14 Measurement issue? Less than 1% samples seem to contain error year mean std , , , , , , std Frequency [ Hz ] Year Raw data source: Fingrid Oy

15 Example of FCR-N Droop function in case of production unit Droop function for FCR Controls plant based on grid frequency When grid frequency is lower than 50 Hz power to grid is increased When grid frequency is higher than 50Hz power to grid is decreased 10 MW Up Regulation (Production increase) 5 MW 0 MW Under frequency 0 MW P 10 MW Dead band defines first reaction point Droop/static angle defines how strong reaction to frequency change is Over frequency Down Regulation (Production decrease) f In normal (FCR-N) droop curve should be within Hz Allowed maximum dead band is 0.05 Hz ( Hz)

16 Example of FCR-N Droop function in case of load Droop function for FCR Controls plant based on grid frequency When grid frequency is lower than 50 Hz load to grid is decreased When grid frequency is higher than 50Hz load to grid is increased P 10 MW 10 MW 5 MW 0 MW Under frequency Up Regulation (Load decrease) MW Over frequency f Down Regulation (Load increase) In normal (FCR-N) droop curve should be within Hz Allowed maximum dead band is 0.05 Hz ( Hz)

17 Example of FCR-N Example of FCR operation Frequency ( Hz ) Lower dead band limit Upped dead band limit Response can be instant or delayed. Based on Fingrid recommendation delay is set to 2 s. In case of delayed operation power remains zero 2 s after dead band frequency is exceeded Power ( MW ) : : : : : As frequency exceeds upper dead band plant increases power based on droop function Down regulation As frequency exceeds lower dead band plant decreases power based on droop function Up regulation After first reaction plans should be able to provide full power defined by the droop curve in 3 minutes In case of 10 MW plant operating at 5 MW, ramp rate must be at least 3 % per second to qualify Fingrid requirements 0 21:50:00 21:55:00 22:00:00 22:05:00 22:10:00

18 Example of FCR-N 12 MW plant operated at 6 MW power in normal state FCR-N 2s reaction delay Maximum ramp rate 3 MW/min Income approx 2 k /day

19 Accounting Example of FCR Energy compensation (to maintain market balance) Up regulation hour Mean (hour mean) value of regulating power is lower than dead band operation power Plant operator has purchased 5 MWh of energy surplus exists Surplus energy is compensated by up regulation price of the current hour (compensated energy = 5 MWh realized energy of the present hour) Down regulation hour Mean (hour mean) value of regulating power is higher than dead band operation power Plant operator has purchased 5 MWh of energy energy purchase is in deficit Additional energy is purchased by down regulation price of the current hour (additional purchase = realized energy of the present hour 5 MWh)

20 Conclusion Wide scale of frequency containment products Increasing need of frequency containment applications Due weakening frequency quality Increasing trend in product prices Potential market for novel power plants or load

21 Thanks for your attention!