EV Charging Impacts on Residential LV Networks. Dr Luis (Nando) Ochoa & Dr Jairo Quiros The University of Manchester

Transcription

1 EV Charging Impacts on Residential LV Networks Dr Luis (Nando) Ochoa & Dr Jairo Quiros The University of Manchester

2 Overview My Electric Avenue Project Motivation CARWINGS Analysis Residential Low Voltage Feeders MEA Feeders LV Network Solutions (LVNS) Feeders Impact Studies (Business As Usual) Methodology Deterministic Analysis Esprit Philosophy

3 Millions of EVs MEA Project Motivation (1/2) 12 DECC EV Uptake Scenarios EV Uptake Scenarios Scenario 1 EV Uptake Scenarios Scenario 2 & 3 EV Uptake Scenarios Scenario 4

4 MEA Project Motivation (2/2) Funded via the UK Ofgem s Low Carbon Networks Fund ( 9M+) Aims To investigate the impacts of EVs on 9 LV feeders To trial a cost-effective and practical solution to control EVs (Esprit technology)

5 CARWINGS Analysis (1/5) 112 Social trials 19 Technical trials 221 in total Google Maps

6 CARWINGS Analysis (2/5) # of Connections (charging) per day Probability (%) Weekday Weekend Number of Connections

7 CARWINGS Analysis (3/5) Start Charging Time Probability (%) Weekday Weekend 2h 4h 6h 8h 1h 12h 14h 16h 18h 2h 22h 24h Connection Time - 15 min resolution

8 CARWINGS Analysis (4/5) Initial Charging Level 12 1 Weekday Weekend Probability (%) Number of Units (1-12)

9 CARWINGS Analysis (5/5) Final Charging Level Probability (%) Weekday Weekend Number of Units (1-12) Statistical Analysis Realistic EV Models

10 Residential LV Feeders Transformer 11/.4 kv Cable Sensor Charging point Nissan LEAF 24kWh Mode 1 (IEC ) Demand 3.3kW

11 Residential LV Feeders MEA (1/2) x 15 Corney Road LV Feeder Northern Powergrid Four residential LV feeders One commercial LV feeder SSEPD Five residential LV feeders (m) LV Feeder Main Path Total Cable First Segment Rating No. of Customers Name Length (m) Length (m) Cable Type (A) PC1 PC2 Other Cleadon Manor Waveform 3mm Gosforth Audley AL.3in Valley Lane East Cu.3in Wylam Dene Waveform 3mm Clydesdale Road Consac 185mm Corney Road Waveform 185mm Cufaude Village Consac 185mm Forest Edge ABC 95mm Ryans Mount AL.3in Your Homes - - Waveform 185mm (m) x 1 5

12 Residential LV Feeders LVNS x 15 Developed as part of a Tier 1 Low Carbon Networks Fund project (Low Voltage Network Solutions LVNS Project) They represent a population of 141 LV networks (232 feeders) in the North West of England LV Feeder Main Path Total Cable First Segment Rating No. of Customers Name Length (m) Length (m) Cable Type (A) PC1 PC2 Other Feeder Consac 185mm Feeder Cu.25in (PC 3-4) Feeder Cu.15in (PC 3-4); 1 (PC 5-8) Feeder Cu.3in (PC 3-4); 2 (PC 5-8) Feeder Consac 24mm (PC 3-4) Feeder Cu.2in Feeder Cu.5in (PC 3-4) Feeder Consac 36mm Y coord [m] X coord [m] x 1 5 Electricity North West Limited. ( ). "Low Voltage Network Solutions" Project,. Available: V. Rigoni, L. F. Ochoa, G. Chicco, A. Navarro-Espinosa, and T. Gozel, "Representative Residential LV Feeders: A Case Study for the North West of England," IEEE Trans. Power Systems, vol. in press, pp. 1-12, 215.

13 LV Network Impact Studies (1/7) Methodology Transformer 11/.4 kv Load Demand (kva) Load 1 Load 2 Load 3 4 Cable Sensor Charging point h 2h 4h 6h 8h 1h 12h 14h 16h 18h 2h 22h 24h Time of Day I. Richardson, M. Thomson, D. Infield, and C. Clifford, "Domestic electricity use: A high-resolution energy demand model," Energy and Buildings, vol. 42, pp , Oct. 21. EV Demand (kva) h 2h 4h 6h 8h 1h 12h 14h 16h 18h 2h 22h 24h Time of Day Time-series, three-phase power flow results

14 LV Network Impact Studies (2/7) Example Single Feeder (149 houses) Phase A Phase B Phase C % Penetration 4 4 Current (A) 3 Base case Current (A) : 3: 6: 9: 12: 15: 18: 21: 24: Time of Day - 1 min resolution 1 Phase A Phase B Phase C : 3: 6: 9: 12: 15: 18: 21: 24: Time of Day - 1 min resolution Thermal Winter Weekday

15 LV Network Impact Studies (3/7) Example Single Feeder (149 houses) All Penetrations Feeder Utilization Level (%) Winter Shoulder Summer EV Penetration Level (%) Thermal Winter Weekday

16 LV Network Impact Studies (4/7) Example Single Feeder (149 houses) Voltage (p.u.) Base case Phase A Phase B Phase C Voltage (p.u.) Phase A Phase B Phase C % Penetration.92 : 3: 6: 9: 12: 15: 18: 21: 24: Time of Day - 1 min resolution.92 : 3: 6: 9: 12: 15: 18: 21: 24: Time of Day - 1 min resolution Voltages Winter Weekday

17 LV Network Impact Studies (5/7) 9 Validated MEA Feeders 3 Thermal Voltage 3 Thermal Voltage Number of Feeders 2 1 Number of Feeders EV Penetration Level (%) EV Penetration Level (%) Winter - Weekday Summer - Weekday

18 LV Network Impact Studies (6/7) 8 LVNS Feeders 4 Thermal Voltage Number of Feeders 2 Number of Feeders 2 Thermal Voltage EV Penetration Level (%) EV Penetration Level (%) Winter - Weekday Summer - Weekday

19 LV Network Impact Studies (7/7) 8 LVNS Feeders LV Feeder Winter Spring/Autumn Summer Name Weekday Weekend Weekday Weekend Weekday Weekend Feeder Feeder Feeder Feeder Feeder Feeder Feeder Feeder

20 Esprit Philosophy Transformer 11/.4 kv PLC Cable Sensor Charging point Data and control flow

21 Esprit-Like Control (1/8) Conceptual approach Curtail the demand from EVs when technical problems are detected Reconnect and continue the charging of EVs when no problems are detected (considering security margins)

22 Esprit-Like Control (2/8) Challenges Must follow a hierarchical approach Crucial as problems can occur at the feeder level first Hierarchical Corrective Disconnection Feeder Level (per phase per feeder) Transformer Level Hierarchical Preventive Reconnection Transformer Level Feeder Level (per phase per feeder) The number and which EVs will be disconnected/reconnected Effects on customers charging delays J. Quirós-Tortós, L. F. Ochoa, S. Alnaser, and T. Butler, "Control of EV Charging Points for Thermal and Voltage Management of LV Networks," IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. submitted (under 2nd review), pp. 1-1, Jun K. Petrou, J. Quirós-Tortós, and L. F. Ochoa, "Controlling electric vehicle charging points for congestion management of UK LV networks," in IEEE PES ISGT, Washington, USA, 215, pp. 1-5.

23 Esprit-Like Control (3/8) Methodology x 15 Low Voltage Network (m) Feeder Feeder 1 Feeder 3 Feeder 6 Feeder 2 Feeder 4 Real UK LV Network North West of England Operated by UK DNO, ENWL 5 kva Transformer 11kV/433V, 3-phase Unbalanced 37 Customers (m) Probabilistic Assessment: Monte Carlo analysis (1 simulations) Time-Series Analysis Different EV penetration (% house with EV) levels (i.e., -1%) Metrics: utilization factor and non-compliant customers (EN 516) Customer Metrics: Charging Delays x 1 5

24 Esprit-Like Control (4/8) Network Performance (kva) w/o control 1 min control cycle Tx Loading (p.u.) h 8h 1h 12h 14h 16h 18h 2h 22h 24h 2h 4h 6h Minimum Voltage Time of day

25 Esprit-Like Control (5/8) EV Demand (kva) Aggregated EV Demand (kva) :44h 19:15h 2:24h 23:4h :13h 6h 8h 1h 12h 14h 16h 18h 2h 22h 24h 2h 4h 6h Individual EV Demand Time of day Expected time: 16 min( 2:4h) Actual time: 389min (6:29h) Charging Delay: %

26 Esprit-Like Control (6/8) EV Demand 5 Impact Level 1% EV penetration 4 Probability (%) Impact Level Customer Impact Level Additional Charging Time (%) Customer Impact Level Additional Charging Time (%) > 2

27 Esprit-Like Control (7/8) Probabilistic Assessment and Control Cycles Utilization Factor (%) Thermal Limit Transformer 1 min 5 min 1 min 3 min EV Penetration Level (%)

28 Esprit-Like Control (8/8) Probability (%) Customer Impact Level Impact Analysis for 1 min Control Cycle 4% Penetration Level 6% Penetration Level 8% Penetration Level 1% Penetration Level 1-min Control Cycle Impact Level Control EV Penetration Level (%) Cycle 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 1% 1 min min min min

29 Key Remarks The ESPRIT technology is an intelligent, cost-effective solution to control EVs Use of limited information / infrastructure Attractive to network operators The MEA trial captures the actual EV behaviour 2+ domestic EVs Understanding the impacts of control strategies on customers is crucial

30 Thanks for your attention!