PROCESS SYSTEMS OPPORTUNITIES IN POWER GENERATION, STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION

Transcription

1 PROCESS SYSTEMS OPPORTUNITIES IN POWER GENERATION, STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION Masoud Soroush Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Drexel University Donald J. Chmielewski Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology

2 Power System Structure Gas Turbine Coal Fired Transmission and Distribution Nuclear Consumers 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 2

3 Reliability and Dispatch Nuclear Coal Fired Gas Turbine Transmission and Distribution Demand 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 3

4 Power (MW) Impact of Renewable Sources Nuclear Coal Fired Gas Turbine Transmission and Distribution Demand Renewable Time (days) 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 4

5 Power (MW) Impact of Energy Storage Nuclear Coal Fired Gas Turbine Transmission and Distribution Storage Demand Renewable Time (days) 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 5

6 Presentation Outline Nuclear Coal Fired Gas Turbine Transmission and Distribution Storage Demand Renewable 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 6

7 Exploration of a New World 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 7

8 Acknowledgements (Chmielewski) Technical Guidance and Informal Discussions: Gabriela Hug (ECE, CMU) Mats Larsson (ABB) Iiro Harjunkoski (ABB) Sabbatical Hosts and Support: Erik Ydstie (Carnegie Mellon University) Rolf Findeisen (Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg) National Science Foundation (CBET )

9 Control in Transmission and Distribution Expanssion Planning Level Energy Management Level Equipment Commissioning / De-commissioning Maintenance Scheduling Unit Commitments Day-ahead and Hour-ahead Horizon Decades Months-Years Days-Hours Power Optimal Power Flow Management Level Voltage Control Frequency Control Minutes Seconds Transmission Network 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 9

10 Control in Transmission and Distribution Expanssion Planning Level Energy Management Level Equipment Commissioning / De-commissioning Maintenance Scheduling Unit Commitments Day-ahead and Hour-ahead Horizon Decades Months-Years Days-Hours Power Optimal Power Flow Management Level Voltage Control Frequency Control Minutes Seconds Transmission Network 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 10

11 Power Networks 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 11

12 Power Networks: 54 and 118 Bus Examples 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 12

13 Load Flow Analysis Provides the underlying model for a transmission network 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 13

14 Voltage at each bus: Load Flow Analysis (current and voltage) Current injected at each bus: Admittance matrix: Voltage-current relation: 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 14

15 Load Flow Analysis (injected power) Power injected at bus k: Complex power at bus k: * is complex conjugate Voltage in phasor form: Active Power: P k Reactive Power Q k 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 15

16 Load Flow Analysis (Degrees of Freedom) Four variables at each bus k: Two equations at each bus k: If N buses, then 4N variables and 2N equations. 2N variables must be specified (generally 2 per bus) 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 16

17 Load Flow Analysis (Bus Types) Source Buses P 1 Q 1 q 1 U 1 Bus 1 Bus 2 P 2 Q 2 q 2 U 2 Slack Bus Bus 4 Bus 5 Bus 3 P 4 Q 4 q 4 U 4 P 5 Q 5 q 5 U 5 Load Buses P 3 Q 3 q 3, U 3 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 17

18 Why Load Flow Analysis? System operator must select generator states (mechanical power input and field coil voltages) such that All load demands are met: at loads fixed All buses satisfy voltage constraints : All transmission lines are below limits: 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 18

19 Transmission Control Hierarchy Horizon Power Management Level Frequency Control Transmission Network Seconds 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 19

20 Frequency Control 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 20

21 Frequency Control Servo-loop at each generator Control Variable: System frequency Manipulated Variable: Mechanical power Disturbance: Load power 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 21

22 Transmission Control Hierarchy Horizon Power Management Level Voltage Control Frequency Control Seconds Transmission Network 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 22

23 Voltage Control Voltage Control-Loop? 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 23

24 Load Flow Analysis (Voltage Magnitude and Reactive Power Flow) Coupling between Q k and U k : Reactive power, Q k, required for voltage, U k, support 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 24

25 Power from a Generator 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 25

26 Power from a Generator Q k P k 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 26

27 Load Flow Analysis (Voltage Magnitude and Reactive Power Flow) Transmission lines consume Q k So, it is good idea to produce Q k locally (using capacitors and reactors) 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 27

28 Reactive Power Sources 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 28

29 Reactive Power from a Reactor Q k P k 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 29

30 Voltage Control Servo-loop at each reactive generator Control Variable: Voltage magnitude Manipulated Variable: Reactive power Disturbances: Reactive load and losses 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 30

31 Transmission Control Hierarchy Horizon Power Optimal Power Flow Management Level Voltage Control Frequency Control Minutes Seconds Transmission Network 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 31

32 Optimal Power Flow System wide perspective Sends dispatch commands to generators Uses explicit load flow calculations Optimizes with respect to - operating cost - transmission losses - active and reactive reserves - N-1 security 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 32

33 Operating Cost ($1000/hr) Generator Operating Costs c Gi 2 0 i c1 i P Gi c2 i ( P Gi ) c $110/MWhr $65/MWhr Coal Plant Gas Turbine Power Output (MW) 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 33

34 State Estimation for Optimal Power Flow Real-time measurements of network conditions Load Flow Model must be observed Sensor errors likely and sensor faults possible Mathematically the same as Steady-State Nonlinear Data Reconciliation and Gross Error Detection used in the CPI 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 34

35 Transmission Control Hierarchy Horizon Energy Management Level Maintenance Scheduling Unit Commitments Day-ahead and Hour-ahead Months-Years Days-Hours Power Optimal Power Flow Management Level Voltage Control Frequency Control Minutes Seconds Transmission Network 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 35

36 Unit Commitment Question Gas Turbines Coal Fired Demand Nuclear 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 36

37 Unit Commitment Question Gas Turbines Coal Fired Demand Nuclear 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 37

38 Unit Commitment Problem Under Regulation (single operator) Similar to Optimal Power Flow Explicit Load Flow Analysis Larger horizon (day-ahead and hour-ahead) Optimizes with respect to - costs, losses, reserves, N-1 security (same as OPF) - Integer variables for unit start-up and shut-down - Slow start-up units (Nuclear and Coal) in day-ahead policy - Fast start-up units (Gas Turbines) in hour-ahead policy 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 38

39 Unit Commitment Problem Under Deregulation (multiple operators) Auction based rather than centralized decisions Managed by an Independent System Operator (ISO) Many types of auction schemes 1. Pay as bid (if accepted) 2. Pay as highest accepted bid (if accepted) Many think option 2 gives policy similar to centralized optimization based policy 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 39

40 Transmission Control Hierarchy Expanssion Planning Level Equipment Commissioning / De-commissioning Horizon Decades Energy Management Level Maintenance Scheduling Unit Commitments Day-ahead and Hour-ahead Months-Years Days-Hours Power Optimal Power Flow Management Level Voltage Control Frequency Control Minutes Seconds Transmission Network 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 40

41 Expansion Planning P 1 Q 1 q 1 U 1 Bus 1 Bus 2 P 2 Q 2 q 2 U 2 P 1 Q 1 q 1 U 1 Bus 1 Bus 2 P 2 Q 2 q 2 U 2 Bus 4 Bus 5 Bus 3 P 4 Q 4 q 4 U 4 P 5 Q 5 q 5 U 5 P 3 Q 3 q 3, U 3 Bus 4 Bus 5 Bus 3 P 4 Q 4 q 4 U 4 P 5 Q 5 q 5 U 5 P 3 Q 3 q 3, U 3 P 1 Q 1 q 1 U 1 Bus 1 Bus 2 P 2 Q 2 q 2 U 2 P 1 Q 1 q 1 U 1 Bus 1 Bus 2 P 2 Q 2 q 2 U 2 Bus 4 Bus 5 Bus 3 P 4 Q 4 q 4 U 4 P 5 Q 5 q 5 U 5 P 3 Q 3 q 3, U 3 Bus 4 Bus 5 Bus 3 P 4 Q 4 q 4 U 4 P 5 Q 5 q 5 U 5 P 3 Q 3 q 3, U 3 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 41

42 Load Flow Analysis (Active Power Flow and Voltage Angle) DC Approximation: P 1 Q 1 q 1 U 1 Bus 1 Bus 2 P 2 Q 2 q 2 U 2 P 1 q 1 Bus 1 Bus 2 P 2 q 2 Bus 4 Bus 5 Bus 3 P 4 Q 4 q 4 U 4 P 5 Q 5 q 5 U 5 P 3 Q 3 q 3, U 3 Bus 4 Bus 5 Bus 3 P 4 q 4 P 5 q 5 P 3 q 3 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 42

43 PSE Opportunities Expansion Planning Maintenance Scheduling Unit Commitments Day-ahead and Hour-ahead Optimal Power Flow Voltage Control Frequency Control Transmission Network 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 43

44 PSE Opportunities Expansion Planning Maintenance Scheduling Unit Commitments Day-ahead and Hour-ahead Optimal Power Flow Similar to PI MPC Relationship Voltage Control Frequency Control Transmission Network 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 44

45 PSE Opportunities Expansion Planning Similar to MINLP Process Synthesis Maintenance Scheduling Unit Commitments Day-ahead and Hour-ahead Optimal Power Flow Voltage Control Frequency Control Transmission Network 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 45

46 PSE Opportunities Expansion Planning Maintenance Scheduling Similar to Process Scheduling Unit Commitments Day-ahead and Hour-ahead Optimal Power Flow and Voltage Control Frequency Control Transmission Network Opportunities for Demand Response with Flexible Manufacturing 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 46

47 Presentation Outline Nuclear Coal Fired Gas Turbine Transmission and Distribution Storage Demand Renewable 1/26/2012 M. Soroush & D.J. Chmielewski - CPC 8 47