Use of High-Power Thyristor Technology for Short-Circuit Current Limitation in High Voltage Systems

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1 Advanced Power Transmission Solutions Power Transmission and Distribution Use of High-Power Thyristor Technology for Short-Circuit Current Limitation in Systems s

2 Development of Power Markets Increasing Power Demand Environmental Constraints New Market Conditions Strong Competition Advanced Solutions are required Use of Power Electronics New Technologies PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 2

3 Trends in Power Systems Globalisation/ Liberalisation Privatisation Deregulation - Privatisation: Opening of the markets, Independent Transmission Companies ITCs, Regional Transmission Organisations RTOs Bottlenecks in Transmission Privatisation Problem of uncontrolled Loop-Flows Overloading & Excess of SCC Levels System Instabilities/ Outages Investments in Power Privatisation Systems System Enhancement & Interconnections: Higher Voltage Levels New Transmission Technologies Renewable Energies PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 3

4 Transmission Systems in Deregulated Markets There are 3 typical Situations in Power Systems: Meshed Systems: Load-Flow Problems Weak Systems: Stability Problems Strong Systems: High Fault Currents The Solutions: SCCL & B2B as GPFC Short-Circuit Current Limiter Grid Power Flow Controller PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 4

5 Advanced Power Transmission Systems FCL Status today Fault-Current Limiter PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 5

6 FCL Principles and Applications Basically, there are two types Faults Current Limiters: Fault Current Limitation High-temperature Superconducting FCL FACTS: The SCCL Fault Current Interruption Is-Limiter Electronic Devices ( Small FACTS ) PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 6

7 Fault Current Limitation an Overview Possible Locations of Fault Current Limitation in the System a) Operating Principle of different Devices b) Application of FCL in the System PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 7

8 Innovations in FACTS Technology From FSC SC to TPSC Thyristor- Protected Series Compensation PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 8

9 From FSC to TPSC the Development Gap Protected Sensitive to environmental influences, specific maintenance required MOV Protected Long cool-down time Thyristor Protected Fast cool-down time PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 9

10 Thyristor Protected Series Capacitor - TPSC to Substation to Line W Benefits of US$* per event on 1 line** due to faster availability of a TPSC e.g. reduction from 1200 MW to 600 MW with FSC/MOV * * 25 US$/MWh x 600 MW x 6 hrs ** US$, if all 3 Lines are involved Long cool-down time of arrester in conventional series capacitor after fault or faults before bank re-insertion Replacement of spark gap and high energy absorption arresters by self-cooled direct-light triggered thyristor (LTT) valves Fast re-insertion of series capacitor due to extremely short cool-down time of LTT valve PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 10

11 Benefits of TPSC: High Availability after Fault Clearing Standard FSC with MOV requires up to 8 hours to cool down TPSC Valve Temp. 260 C 0.6 s after the 1st Fault the Valve is back in Pre-fault Condition 50 C Thyr. Valve Bypass CB Time / s Line Breaker Auto-Reclosure Dead-Time 5 Cycles Fault Clearing Time PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 11

12 LTT Light Triggered Thyristors The safest Valve Technology LTT: Technical & Economical Advantages 80 % less Electronic Components Less Electric Wiring & Fiber Optic Cables Reduced Spare Parts Requirements Wafer-integrated Over-voltage Protection Thyristor Valve with Direct-Light Triggering 100 mm Thyristors with integrated Break-over Protection Maximum Reliability & Availability - Benefits of LTT PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 12

13 View on the LTT Thyristor Stack The active portion of the valve becomes a straightforward assembly of thyristors, heat sinks, and cooling-water piping PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 13

14 Advanced Power Electronic Components Direct Light-Triggered Thyristor (LTT) 80 % Less Electronic Components Flame retardant Valves to UL standards High Reliability Valve Group - Example Indoor for HVDC Module Thyristor PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 14

15 Advanced Power Electronic Components Direct Light-Triggered Thyristor (LTT) 80 % Less Electronic Components Flame retardant Valves to UL standards High Reliability Valve Group - Example Outdoor for FACTS Module Thyristor PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 15

16 TPSC Single Line Diagram & Components series capacitor 2 thyristor valve as fast bypass - device 1 3 current limiting reactor 4 MOV 5 bypass circuit breaker 4 6 bypass damping reactor platform disconnects with grounding switch 8 bypass disconnect PLATFORM 5 PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 16

17 Power Transmission and Distribution TPSC Vincent On-Site Recordings: Line Fault Phase BC - June 18, 2002, Line Current in Phase A 5000 Line Curr. Ph A1 Valv.Curr. Ph A Amps Line breaker open time / msec Bypass Bypass switch switch close closed PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 17

18 Power Transmission and Distribution TPSC Vincent: Line Fault Phase BC - June 18, 2002 Peak Valve current in Phase B Line Curr. Ph B1 Valv.Curr. Ph B Amps Line breaker Line breaker open open time / msec Bypass Bypass switch switch closeclosed PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 18

19 Measured Currents & Calculated Junction Temperature Rise: Valve Phase B; external Fault - no Bypass Breaker , , , I [A] dtj [K] t [sec] 0 PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 19

20 Measured Currents & Calculated Junction Temperature Rise: Valve Phase C; external Fault - no Bypass Breaker , , , I [A] 30 Tvj [ C] t [sec] 0 PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 20

21 Power Transmission and Distribution A closer Look into the TPSC-Fault Detection Strategy Phase A no Fault, no Action Phase C Staged Action PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 21

22 Power Transmission and Distribution TPSC Vincent/USA: 3 TPSC Systems at 500 kv - fully proven in Practice TPSC Technology: Outdoor Valves on a Platform LTT Thyristors, self-cooled PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 22

23 Innovations in FACTS Technology From TPSC to SCCL Short-Circuit Current Limiter PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 23

24 SCCL -The New Solution AC SCCL AC Bus 1 Bus 2 Impedance X Low Impedance for Best Load Flow Fast Increase of Coupling Impedance t PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 24

25 SCCL -An Innovative FACTS Device Fast Short-Circuit Current Limitation - by means of High Power Thyristor AC AC Bus 1 Bus 2 Impedance X Low Impedance for Best Load Flow Fast Increase of Coupling Impedance t SCC Limitation PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 25

26 Excess of SCC-Levels due to System Expansion Typical Situation in a Ring Network with high SCC 3 ~ 3 ~ Loads Loads Loads Loads 3 ~ 3 ~ PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 26

27 Reduction of Short-Circuit Currents with SCCL Typical Situation in a Ring Network with high SCC 3 ~ SCCL 3 ~ Location(s) of SCCL depends on Source Impedances Loads Loads Loads Loads B2B as GPFC 3 ~ 3 ~ SCCL PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 27

28 Reduction of Short-Circuit Currents with SCCL Typical Situation in a Meshed System with high SCC Existing 500 kv B2B as GPFC 500 kv Existing 3 ~ 3 ~ Expansion 3 ~ 115 kv 115 kv Alternatives Expansion 3 ~ Loads SCCL Loads PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 28

29 Verification of the Short-Circuit Current Limitation Existing 500 kv 500 kv Existing 3 ~ 3 ~ Expansion 115 kv 115 kv Expansion 3 ~ 3 ~ Loads I 1 SCCL I 2 Loads Bus 1 V S, I S Bus 2 I 1+2 PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 29

30 Voltages and Currents without SCCL V 1 Bus 1 I 1 40 ka eff I 2 40 ka eff Bus 2 I ka eff PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 30

31 Voltages and Currents with SCCL Power Transmission and Distribution Bus 1 V 1 I 1 SCCL V S I S 10 ka eff V 2 Bus 2 I 2 40 ka eff I ka eff PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 31

32 SCCL: Internal Signals Power Transmission and Distribution V Cap I cap I Byp PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 32

33 SCCL Short-Circuit Current Limitation with FACTS Thyristor Valve Housing Capacitor Bank To Bus 1 BYPASS Breaker Communication SCCL Reactor TPSC + Reactor To Bus 2 Impedance X Fast Increase of Coupling Impedance AC AC Zero Ohm for best Load Flow Bus 1 Bus 2 t PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 33

34 SCCL - Side View and Dimensions (Example 110 kv) max. 7 m (23 feet) 9,7 m (32 feet) PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 34

35 SCCL - TOP View and Dimensions 10,5 m (34 feet) 16 m (53 feet) PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 35

36 SCCL - Single Line Diagram PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 36

37 SCCL from Siemens - The Solution of the 21st Century A unique FACTS Solution with Dynamic Add-On for SSR & POD PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 37

38 First Add-On: Power Oscillation Damping With POD Control: Fast & effective Damping No POD Control: System close to Instability PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 38

39 SCCL from Siemens - The Solution of the 21st Century SCCL Applications Conclusions PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 39

40 SCCL - Examples of Applications Power Transmission and Distribution System designed for 3 Infeeds 3 ~ Bus 1 Bus kv 3 ~ Existing Existing 3 ~ Excess of allowed SCC Levels 3 ~ Expansion PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 40

41 SCCL - Examples of Applications Power Transmission and Distribution System now designed for 4 Infeeds 3 ~ Bus 1 Bus kv 3 ~ Existing Existing 3 ~ SCC Limitation 3 ~ Expansion SCCL Enables Connection of additional Generation on the 115 kv System PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 41

42 SCCL versus Conventional Reactor SCCL - The better Alternative: No Risk of Voltage Collapse AC AC Reactive Power remains balanced No Impact on Grid Load Flow Bus 1 Bus 2 Increase of First Swing Stability Dynamic Add-Ons for SSR & Power Oscillation Damping AC AC Only Current Limiting Reactor? Voltage Drop - needs Compensation Bus 1 Bus 2 Mechanically or Thyristor Switched Capacitor PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 42

43 Power Transmission and Distribution SCCL - Designed for maximal Availability Constraints on Electronic Breaker Solutions? Not with our Technology: High Power LTT Thyristor ka peak, self cooling Protection with WIN TDC - a standard in HVDC, FACTS and Drives Measurements - redundant (optically powered) transducers no auxiliary power supplies on the platform needed The Operation Principle: Fail safe - thyristor will be shorted in case of malfunction Backup by wafer-integrated over-voltage voltage protection Fast switch on - instead of delayed switch off Redundant number of thyristors Minimal steady state losses (reactor) Minimal Maintenance - 10 h per anno (0.1 % ) SCCL: designed for harsh Environment & Multiple Fault Contingencies PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 43

44 SCCL - The new Solution for Power Systems SCCL - to avoid an extremely costintensive complete Substation Upgrade Benefits Highlights of SCCL: One additional Reactor - Replacing the Line Impedance As fast as the future HTS Fault Current Limiter No Modification of existing Protection Schemes Operates on Single Phase Basis Dynamic Add-on available - for SSR and Power Oscillation SCCL - The Principle is Current Limitation - not Interruption PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 44

45 Lessons learned: HVDC and FACTS are essential for Transmission PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 45

46 Need for Advanced Transmission Solutions This is unavoidable... but HVDC & FACTS can support Recovery Reduction of Outage Times & more Stability If there is no HVDC, no FACTS... Increasing Oscillations Blackout PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 46

47 Intelligent Solutions for Power Transmission with HVDC & FACTS from Siemens Thank You for your Attention! PTD H 1PD / Re SCCL V 8.0_XP 47

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