US Microgrids for Enhancing Resilience Ross Guttromson Manager, Electric Power Systems Research Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA

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1 energy.sandia.gov US Microgrids for Enhancing Resilience Ross Guttromson Manager, Electric Power Systems Research Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL SAND P.

2 Topics About Sandia National Laboratories Defining Resilience Hurricane Sandy New Jersey Transit Microgrid City of Hoboken, NJ Microgrid 2

3 Where Is New Mexico? 5 th largest state in the US Population: 2.1 million New Mexico is known for its beautiful landscape, rich culture, high tech industry, plentiful wind and solar resources 3

4 Resilience versus Reliability Separating reliability and resilience is important Reliability is compulsory Reliability is related to rate recovery Adoption of resilience metrics will be easier if reliability definitions remain as-is Reliability High Probability, Low Consequence (SAIDI/SAIFI exclude storm data) Resilience Low Probability, High Consequence Not risk based Operationally, You are reliable, or you are not [0 1]. Confidence is unspecified Focus is on the measuring impact to the system Risk Based, includes: Threat (you are resilient to something) System Vulnerability (~reliability) Consequence (beyond the system) Resilience is a continuum, confidence is specified Focus is on measuring impact to humans 4

5 Designing Microgrids for Resilience Engage stakeholders Establish a design basis Define performance metrics Define system boundaries Collect system and operations info and data Generate feasible designs measure performance against the design basis improve the design repeat 5

6 Superstorm Sandy October,

7 Impact of Superstorm Sandy Superstorm Sandy caused major disruption to critical infrastructure in NY & NJ Impact to economy and cost of repairs are in the $Billions Re-build efforts emphasize resilience New Jersey Transit Rail System City of Hoboken, New Jersey

8 Flood Maps for Hoboken FEMA 100 Year Flood Feet Business Sensitive

9 Hoboken Performance Objectives Supply electric power to facilities during a blackout and/or a flooding condition at 19.5 feet above MSL. Microgrid must be able to supply power continuously for 7 days. Microgrid will be isolated from the utility when operating PV and CHP will operate continuously Ability to withstand loss of largest generator without loss of load in individual building or microgrids forming clusters of buildings

10 Performance Metrics Used Design Basis: Operate during flooded conditions Operate blackout condition Frequency of load interruption during flooded or blackout conditions Total load not served per hour during flooded or blackout conditions

11 Least cost topology for a single large microgrid (not used) Mixed Integer Optimization Early Solution Subset: Steiner Tree Problem Objective: minimize cost Constraints: Serve all loads $300/linear foot $20K for a junction Solution: $6.7M for Trenching with an optimality gap of 5%. NEXT: Validate Performance Check Other Topologies Place Generation

12 Attribute A Cluster Analysis to Group Buildings into Microgrids b a 1 Cluster 1 3 b 3 a 3 2 Cluster 3 a 2 b 2 Cluster 2 1 Attribute B 10 Find the best location and subset of microgrids K-means clustering is used Results in lower costs Example K-means clustering with 3 Clusters

13 Pareto Optimality Using Genetic Algorithms Topology Performance Event Driven Simulation Monte Carlo Analysis Each dot is a different microgrid layout 13

14 Hoboken Microgrid Solution Dual Microgrid Topology, 54 Buildings Fire #1 04 Senior Housing Columbia Arms Fire HQ 03 Hoboken Multi-service Ctr Senior Housing Marion Parking Midtown Sewage Treatment Sunoco Gas Fire #3 YMCA Wallace School 14 MG1 Below FEMA 100 yr +2.5 feet 11 th St PS Senior Housing Clinton Above FEMA 100 yr +2.5 feet Hoboken HS Fire # Hoboken Vol Amb St Matthews Church 16 MG th St PS Hoboken St Peter and Paul Univ Med Church Center Hoboken Homeless Shelter Parking Garage G 19 Kings Grocery 25 Parking Garage D 23 Senior Housing Columbian Towers Hoboken City Hall Police HQ Walgreens CVS 24 Parking Garage B 52 Police Radio H1 PS 10 UBS solution A clusters 20 Kings Grocery Fire Radio

15 Facility Connections PSEG (UTILITY) EXISTING MEDIUM VOLTAGE FEEDER NEW CONCEPTUAL MICROGRID MEDIUM VOLTAGE FEEDER NEW Manhole NEW Manhole PSEG Transformer NEW Transformer PSEG Transformer NEW Transformer PSEG METER Paralleling Switchgear PSEG METER ATS N E NC NO NO ATS N E BUILDING SERVICE ENTRANCE PANEL BUILDING SERVICE ENTRANCE PANEL Building A Loads NEW STANDBY GENERATOR Building B Loads

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17 Basic NJTransitGrid Concept 1. Traction Power Microgrid Large conventional generation plant and feeder network Connection to existing traction infrastructure Connection to adjacent rail loads: signal, pumps, fans, switch motors/heaters, some passenger terminals 2. Separate DG systems for facilities Operations buildings and other facilities not connected to the traction microgrid due to cost or other reasons 3. Generator sells power to the market when no contingency exists. Designs include PV, CHP, storage, and demand response

18 New Jersey Transit Microgrid NJ Transit Morris- Essex Line Ferry Maintenanc e Facility Port Imperial Ferry NJT Newark Light Rail PATH Hoboken Ferry Amtrak Northeast Corridor Liberty State Park Ferry Paulus Hook Ferry NJT Hudson- Bergen Light Rail 18

19 Electrical Demand Analysis NJT-PATH-AMTRAK 1 Empirical CDF Maximum kw Total PATH NJT NEC-EST Probability that load < kw value Total PATH NJT NEC-EST Hours Since Jul :00: kw Note that total hourly demand is below 80MW 95% of the time.

20 Secaucus Terminal NY Penn Station 33 rd st Newark Broad St. Station Utility Mason Hoboken WTC Newark Penn Station Journal Square (HQ) KEY Multi-use terminal PATH terminal HBRL or NCRL ~ Ferry terminal Electric substation Generation MG transmission NJT: Broad St-Hoboken PATH Northeast Corridor HBLR NCRL

21 Secaucus Terminal NY Penn Station 33 rd st Newark Broad St. Station 13 kv It is not feasible to costeffectively cross the Passaic River with new feeders 13 kv F C New Generation Facility ~ ~ ~ Koppe r/maso Mason n Utility 13 kv 13 kv Hoboken 27 kv 27 kv 27 kv WTC Newark Penn Station Journal Square (HQ) 13 kv KEY Multi-use terminal PATH terminal HBRL or NCRL ~ Ferry terminal Electric substation Generation MG transmission NJT: Broad St-Hoboken PATH Northeast Corridor HBLR NCRL

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