DER Impacts on Bulk Grid Dynamic Performance
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1 DER Impacts on Bulk Grid Dynamic Performance A Retrospective View of a Prescient Thought Exercise Presented at EPRI-PJM Inverter Interconnections Workshop Valley Forge, PA April 11, 2012 Reigh Walling GE Energy Consulting
2 The Background IEEE Standard 1547 was developed ca PV was not big commonly thought by many that it never would amount to much The BIG thing then was the hydrogen economy and fuel cells. Microturbines were hot, too. Most DER was occasional engine generator sets most utilities had a few of these here and there As a consequence, DER was not considered to be of a ny significa nce to the bulk grid 2 GE Title or job number 4/17/2012
3 IEEE 1547 Focus IEEE Standard 1547 was focused on: Loca l distribution issues Power qua lity Safety of interconnection As a consequence, quick tripping of DER was required to: Avoid isla nding Limit fa ult contribution Minimize distribution protection concerns 3 GE Title or job number 4/17/2012
4 IEEE 1547 Volta ge Tripping Tra nsmission event may result in widespread DER tripping 4 GE Title or job number 4/17/2012
5 Frequency Tripping DER may trip off during under-frequency events when grid is genera tion deficient 5 GE Title or job number 4/17/2012
6 Ride-Through Requirements? Does IEEE 1547 ensure DER rides through events? NO! IEEE 1547 is a Don t Ride Through requirement 6 GE Title or job number 4/17/2012
7 Is realization of this conflict anything new?
8 Modeling the Effects of Integrating Distributed Energy Resources with the Electric Power System Subcontract No. NAD October 2003 Presented by Nick Miller GE Global Research Center GE Power Systems Energy Consulting Puget Sound Energy NREL Technical Monitor: Principal Investigator: Senior Technical Advisors: B. Kroposki Z. Ye N. Miller R. Delmerico R. Walling
9 Case Study - DR Impact on Bulk Power System >6000 DGs Modeled: Raver- Paul Line Malin WSCC Colstrip Base Case Load Bus Representation Incoming Circuits Substation Bus Equivalent Load: P L + jq L [MW & MVAr] Adding DG Path 15 DG + Load Bus Representation Incoming Circuits Substation Bus Disturbance at Palo Verde NPS (3000+ MW) ~ Equivalent DG: P DG = P L (DG pene ) Equivalent Load: P L (1 + DG pene ) + jq L (1 + DG pene )
10 Active Anti-Islanding Impact on Bulk Power System +0.3Hz -0.3Hz Red: base condition without DG Green: 20% DG penetration Blue: 20% and with active anti-islanding Disturbance event: a very large power station with multiple units generating over 3000 MW in WSCC system is assumed to be tripped off-line by some common-mode disturbance. The case illustrates that the aggregate impact of the active anti-islanding scheme is benign to the system performance The lack of frequency regulation by DGs aggravates the commonmode frequency depression Bulk System frequency dynamics with high DG Penetration and impact of anti-islanding
11 DG Tripping impact on Bulk System Stability 120% V 60% V Red: 20% DG, no under voltage tripping Green: under voltage tripping (set point 70%) Blue: under voltage tripping (set point 90%) Voltage at the 500kV Malin bus 88% V P1547 standard dictates disconnect for voltages <88% within 2 seconds. It is important to note that this specifies the minimum voltage and the maximum time to trip. Thus, DGs will be in violation if they trip slower or at too low a voltage. However, the DGs may trip faster and at higher voltages than this without violation. The case (blue trace) with the 90% trip point is very unstable Bulk system voltage dynamics with low voltage DG tripping (20% DG penetration).
12 August 14, 2003: EHV Transmission Voltages 88% voltage mandatory trip of DR per P1547* For illustration: Mapping of voltage from 500kV down to individual DR may result in tripping sooner or later depending on system topology
13 August 14, 2003: Frequency P1547 Overfrequency trip point
14 Drawing on industry experience with wind generation Europe and much of the rest of the world is moving towards a variety of grid codes, in which a set of performance requirements are imposed on the windfarm, largely independent of the site. Requirements for most North American applications are being governed by the power system requirements particular to that site but grid codes are likely to follow soon. Response to voltage events has emerged as THE critical issue
15 What is Low-Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT)? The increased ability of wind-turbine generators to tolerate and continue operation after voltage dips those voltage depressions that occur during grid faults.
16 Why LVRT now? Wind Farms are becoming important contributors to the operation of the bulk power system: For grid reliability, requirements for continuity of power from wind generation are increasing. The historical desire to have WTGs that are embedded in distribution systems trip quickly is no longer the norm. Wind is a victim of its own success what can the DG community learn?
17 Back to Today
18 The current scene: DER a pplica tion is exploding; penetra tions a re becoming significa nt PV growth has been particularly dramatic Increased FERC and NERC concern with grid frequency response Fa ult-induced delayed voltage recovery becoming widely recognized Widespread adoption of DER ride-through standards outside of North America Anecdotal evidence of PV projects being delayed or denied in vulnerable systems Ca lifornia s Million Solar Roofs targets 3000 MW of distributed PV. Tripping for grid events would more than double a ll of WECC s frequency response obliga tion. 18 GE Title or job number 4/17/2012
19 Recent Study Investigated DER under-voltage tripping impacts on dynamic behavior in a loa d pocket DER Rides Through DER Trips DER tripping can compound FIDVR 19 GE Title or job number 4/17/2012
20 The time to act is NOW!
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