The Secrets of Pyrotechnic Whistles. Joseph A. Domanico VP Publications / Webmaster Crackerjacks, Inc.
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1 The Secrets of Pyrotechnic Whistles Joseph A. Domanico VP Publications / Webmaster Crackerjacks, Inc. drpyro@home.com
2 Who Was That Masked Man? Crackerjacks, Inc Vice President Publications Webmaster: Department of the Army Chief, Pyrotechnics Team (26 years) LTC Maryland Army National Guard
3 Vibrational Burning
4 Major Chemicals for Pyrotechnic Whistles Gallic Acid C7H6O5 Sodium Salicylate C7H5NaO 3 Potassium Picrate C6H2KN 307 Potassium Benzoate Potassium Dinitrophenate Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate C7H5K02 C6H3N2O5K KC8H5O4
5 Formulation Efficiency Potassium Benzoate : Potassium Perchlorate For Carbon Monoxide Only: 2 KC7H5O 2. 3 H KClO 4 K2O + 4 KCl + 11 H2O + 14 CO yields stoichiometric fuel:oxidizer ratio of 44:56 For Carbon Dioxide Only: 4 KC7H5O2. 3 H KClO 4 2 K2O + 15 KCl + 22 H2O + 28 CO 2 yields stoichiometric fuel:oxidizer ratio of 29:71
6 Typical Whistle Design Air Void Whistle Composition Solid Acrylic Rod Potassium Benzoate 27 PBW Potassium Perchlorate 73 PBW
7 40mm Whistle
8 Typical Noise Levels Whisper Conversation Alarm Clock 5/4 Ton Truck Disc Sander Powersaw Chainsaw Pneumatic Hammer Firecracker Cap Pistol Shotgun TOW Missile dba (85) dbp (140) Discomfort Tickle Pain
9 Current uses Incoming artillery shell Training booby trap Entertainment fireworks
10 Artillery Simulator (small whistle.loud blast)
11 Output Energy Comparison Composition Cal per gram Base Whistle Composition 3,394 Photoflash 2,491 Bullseye Smokeless Powder 1,753 A1A Ignition Mix 903 Red Smoke Mix 895
12 Ignition Temperatures Composition (degrees C) Bullseye Smokeless Powder 192 Red Smoke Composition 198 Pyrotechnic Whistle Composition 432 A1A Ignition Composition 437 Photoflash Composition 545
13 Possible Formulations Gallic Acid 24 Sodium Salicylate 28 Potassium Picrate 50 Potassium Benzoate 30 Potassium Dinitrophenate 70 Potassium Chlorate 73 Potassium Perchlorate Potassium Nitrate 50 30
14 Pyrotechnic Whistle Fuels Potassium Benzoate Potassium Dinitrophenate Gallic Acid Increasing Hazard Sodium Salicylate Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate Potassium Picrate
15 Detonation Tendency OH OH O C OH Gallic Acid OH O Sodium Salicylate O C Na OH O C O - K+ Potassium Benzoate NO2 NO2 O - K + NO2 NO2 O - K+ NO2 Potassium Dinitrophenate Potassium Picrate
16 Oxidizer Substitution All Band Pass Comparison Potassium Benzoate / Oxidizer Percent Fuel Amplitude (db) Time Potassium Chlorate Potassium Perchlorate
17 Equipment Information Company Model Measurement Range RION NA db(a) Frequency Range Hz (9 octaves) Dynamic Range 50 db (80-130) Capacity Store period RS-232 Interface Battery life (AA) 1500 screens 2 ms to 10 sec 9600 baud rate 4 hours
18 Frequency Band Comparison 120 Control Whistle Stainless Steel 2 3 4
19 Frequency Band Comparison 120 Control Whistle Aluminum Flake 3 4
20 120 Frequency Band Comparison Control Whistle Guanidine Nitrate
21 Burn Rate Reduction Frequency Band Analysis 2K Band Response vs Percent Red Gum Amplitude (db) % 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% Time (seconds) 35%
22 Burning Rate Reduction mm/sec Base Sulfur Clay Red Gum PVA Cornstarch Mekon White MP 12 Acrawac C
23 Amplitude Increase by Diameter 57mm 44mm 32mm 19mm 13mm 6mm " 1.75" 1.25" 0.75" 0.50" 0.25"
24 Actual Diameter Effect
25 UAV Whistle Submunition
26 Typical Whistle Design Air Void Whistle Composition Solid Acrylic Rod Potassium Benzoate 27 PBW Potassium Perchlorate 73 PBW
27 High Low Whistle Design Air Void Expelled Insert Whistle Composition Solid Acrylic Rod Potassium Benzoate 27 PBW Potassium Perchlorate 73 PBW
28 Hi-Lo Whistle Design Air Void Expelled Insert Whistle Composition Solid Acrylic Rod Potassium Benzoate 27 PBW Potassium Perchlorate 73 PBW
29 Step Whistle Design Air Void Whistle Composition Solid Acrylic Rod Potassium Benzoate 27 PBW Potassium Perchlorate 73 PBW
30 Step Whistle Design Air Void Whistle Composition Solid Acrylic Rod Potassium Benzoate 27 PBW Potassium Perchlorate 73 PBW
31 35mm Whistle Grenade
32 Small E.G.A.D. 4 inches high M201A1 fuze Reduced effects Expendable Ground Acoustic Device
33 Binder Effect Burn Rate (mm/sec) Baseline Sulfur Clay Cornstarch Red Gum MP12 Wax 5% Binder
34 Binder Effect Peak Amplitude (db) Baseline Sulfur Clay Cornstarch Red Gum MP12 Wax 5% Binder
35 Binder Effect Average Amplitude (db) Baseline Sulfur Clay Cornstarch Red Gum MP 12 Wax 5% Binder
36 Peak vs Average Amplitude 130 5% Binder Amplitude (db) Baseline Sulfur Clay Cornstarch Red Gum MP12 Wax Peak Average
37 Whistle Quality Smoothness Factor Baseline Sulfur Clay Cornstarch Red Gum MP 12 Wax (Peak Amplitude Minus Average Amplitude) 5% Binder
38 Burn Rate vs Binder Percent vs Amplitude Burn Rate (mm/sec) % 10% 15% Binder Percent Peak Amplitude (db) Baseline Sulfur Clay Red Gum Cornstarch MP 12 Wax
39 Burn Rate vs Average Amplitude Average Amplitude (db) Burn Rate (mm/sec) Baseline Sulfur Clay Red Gum Cornstarch MP 12 Wax 5% Binder
40 Burn Rate Comparison +10% Burn Rate (mm/sec) Control MgAl SS Powder Sulfur
41 Burn Rate Comparison +10% Burn Rate (mm/sec) GuNO3 NaNO3 BaNO3 Control SrNO
42 Smoothness Factor (Max imum - Average) Amplitude Decibels (db) BaNO3 GuNO3 NaNO3 SrNO3 Control Sulfur Al Flake Crs SS Powder MgAl
43 Amplitude Increase Oxidizer Highlights FeO Peak Amplitude (db) Control ZnO 0 0 Fe2O3 Cu2O Burn Rate (in/sec) Pb3O4 PbO CuO MnO2 0 0
44 Fuel Effect on Burn Rate Burn Rate Comparison 10% Additive Burn Rate (mm/sec) Control MgAl SS Powder Sulfur Al Flake Crs
45 Inorganic Fuel Highlights Fe(-) 121 Control Zn Peak Amplitude (db) Mg Fe(+) Mn Cu Al Ti Si B Burn Rate (in/sec)
46 Organic Fuel Results Peak Amplitude (db) Charcoal Control Red gum Terephthalic acid Stearic acid Sucrose Burn Rate (in/sec)
47 Burn Rate (in/sec) Fine Powdered Iron Additional Percent High Loading Results Peak Amplitude (db)
48 Black Copper Oxide High Loading Results Burn Rate (in/sec) Additional Percent Peak Amplitude (db)
49 Flame Reduction
50 Spark Comparison 100 Fe 325 Control Fe 10% Metal Powder Ti SS
51 Spark Comparison Red Gum Control 10% Powder Charcoal
52 Flame Shape Comparison Control Zinc Magnesium Charcoal Coarse Iron Fine Iron Titanium Strontium Nitrate
53 Spark Comparison Al Control B Mg 10% Metal Powder Zn
54 Increased Compaction Pressure 2000 psi 3000 psi 4000 psi 5000 psi 6000 psi 7000 psi 8000 psi 9000 psi 10,000 psi
55 Whistle vs Blast Comparison Amplitude (db) Magnesium Airburst Titanium Concussion ITLX Flash BP Class 8 Pyro Whistle Time -->
56 Amplitude Increase by Diameter 57mm 44mm 32mm 19mm 13mm 6mm " 1.75" 1.25" 0.75" 0.50" 0.25"
57 3 Inch Diameter Test Whistle
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