Keywords -Air pollution, Biodiesel, Vehicular Pollution, Central Pollution Control Board.

Transcription

1 Bio-Diesel for Sustaiable Developet of Belgau City Trasport SHIVAJI.L. BHANDARKAR Lecturer (Sel. Grade), Departet of Autoobile Egieerig, DTTE, Pusa, New Delhi like polycyclic hydrocarbos caot be uderestiated. The sulphur dioxide (SO2) ad itroge oxides fro diesel vehicles also cotribute sigificatly towards the build-up of secodary particulates ad ozoe. The particulate eissios fro ucotrolled diesel egies are 6-10 ties greater tha those fro petrol egies. Extreely tiy diesel particles go deep ito the lugs ad are also very toxic. Diesel vehicle however, eit lower carbo ooxide (CO) ad hydrocarbos (s) copared to petrol vehicles. Cotrollig urba air pollutio is turig out to be a eorous challege ot oly because of the risig ubers of total vehicles but also due to the icreased toxic risk fro the growig ubers of diesel cars. I 1999 CSE had advocated the ba o diesel Vehicles. We eed cleaer alteratives to Belgau city. Serious efforts are eeded to create awareess aog the cosuers to ake their vehicles eco friedly to reduce eissios. I this study we are urgig Belgau city trasport to cosider Bio-Diesel as a alterative fuel because of its ay beefits ad are as give below. Abstract: The study is cocered with the developet, ecourageet ad use of ore eviroet-friedly Bio-Diesel fuels for Belgau city trasport for the sustaiable developet. These iovative solutios ecopass ew ore eviroetfriedly trasport techologies ad also iovative trasport cocepts with potetial for lowerig eviroetal ipacts, such as iiizig tail pipe eissios. this study aily deals with the sustaiable developet of Belgau City Trasport; by the use of Alterative fuel-bio-diesel particularly it focuses o the suggestio to curb the vehicular pollutio by the use of Bio- Diesel ad sustaiable developet. I this study the pollutio loads have bee calculated ad copared by cosiderig usage of the Bio-Diesel i place of covetioal diesel fuel i buses. The total oey which we ca save by the use of Bio-Diesel is also calculated ad show here. for the purpose of this study, the Belgau cities 3 bus depots were cosidered. The daily total kiloeter operated by 3 bus depots of Belgau city is collected with various other iforatio. These buses ru o diesel fuel ad are resposible for largest aout of lead eissios ad various other pollutats. The pollutio loads were calculated o the basis of iforatio collected fro the Cetral Pollutio Cotrol Board (CPCB), Eviroet Protectio Agecy ad previous studies carried out i this regard by various iportat agecies. The use of shows treedous reductio i various pollutats. By the use of B20 Bio-diesel we ca reduce total uburt hydrocarbos to 20, Carbo ooxide to 12, 10 ad 25 to 12, NOx +2 or -2, SO2 to 20. By the use of B100 Bio-diesel we ca reduce total uburt hydrocarbos to 67, Carbo ooxide to 48, 10 ad 25 to 47, NOx +10or -2, SO2 to 100. Keywords -Air pollutio,, Vehicular Pollutio, Cetral Pollutio Cotrol Board. I. INTRODUCTION Belgau was kow as Veugra (Baboo Village) i aciet days. Belgau is desigated as secod capital of Karataka. It is cliatically very pleasat. Geerally the suer teperature ay ot go beyod 40 Degree Celsius ad witer teperature ay ot go below 13 degree Celsius. Belgau will have equal period of suer, witer ad Mosoo seaso. But because of icrease i populatio, vehicular populatio ad icreased ifrastructural work the rise i air pollutio take place i the city ad surroudig areas which i tur is resposible for cliate chage. Because of the icreased populatio of vehicles i Belgau city the pollutio levels have icreased exorbitatly. Dieselrelated pollutats are either already very high or rapidly icreasig i Belgau city. Both particulates ad itroge dioxides have eerged as pollutats of cocer i Idia cities. The cotributio of diesel eissios to fie particulate atter, oxides of itroge ad other carcioges II. BENEFITS OF BIO-DIESEL A. Eviroetal Beefits I 2000, bio-diesel becae the oly alterative fuel i the U.S. to have successfully copleted the EPA-required Tier I ad Tier II health effect testig uder the clea Air Act. These idepedet test coclusively deostrated sigificat reductio of virtually all regulated eissios, ad showed bio-diesel does ot pose a threat to hua health. Bio-diesel cotais o sulphur or aroatics, ad use of biodiesel i a covetioal diesel egie results i substatial reductio of ubured hydrocarbos, carbo ooxide ad particulate atter. A U.S. Departet of Eergy study showed that the productio oe use of bio-diesel, copared to petroleu diesel, resulted i a 78.5 reductio i carbo dioxide eissios. Moreover, bio-diesel has a positive eergy balace. B. Eergy Security Beefits With agricultural coodity prices approachig records lows ad petroleu prices approachig records highs, it is clear that ore ca be doe to utilize doestic surpluses or vegetable oils while ehacig our eergy security. Because bio-diesel ca be aufactured usig existig idustrial productio capacity, ad used with covetioal equipet, it provides substatial opportuity for iediately addressig our eergy security issues. If the cost of usig foreig oil were iposed o the price of iported fuel, reewable fuels, such as bio-diesel, probably would be the ost viable optio. 55

2 C. Ecooic Beefits Icreased utilizatio of reewable bio fuels results i sigificace icro ecooic beefits to both the urba ad rural sectors, ad the balace of trade. A study copleted i 2001 by the U.S. Departet of Agriculture foud that a average aual icrease of the equivalet of 200 illio gallos of Soya-based bio-diesel dead would boost total crop cash receipt by $5.2 billio cuulatively by 2010, resultig i a average et far icoe icrease of $300 illio per year. i additio to beig to doestically produced, reewable alterative fuel for diesel egies, biodiesel has positive perforace attributes such icreased Cetae, high fuel lubricat, ad high oxyge cotet, which ay ake it a preferred bledig stock with future ultra- Clea diesel D. Quality Beefits B100 (100 percet bio-diesel) has bee desigated as a alterative fuel by the U.S. Departet of Eergy ad the U.S. Departet of Trasportatio. Moreover, i Deceber 2001, the Aerica Society of Testig ad Material (ASTM) approved a specificatio (D6751) for bio-diesel fuel. This developet was crucial i stadardizig fuel quality for bio-diesel i the U.S. arket. The Natioal Board, the trade associatio for the bio-diesel idustry, has fored the Natioal Accreditatio Coissio (NBAC) to audit producers ad arketers i order to eforce fuel quality stadards i the US. NBAC issue a Certified Marketer seal of approval for bio-diesel arketers that have et all requireets of fuel accreditatio audits. This seal of approval will provide added assurace to custoers, as well as egie aufacturers, that the bio-diesel arketed by these copaies eets the ASTM stadards for bio-diesel ad that the fuel supplier will stad behid it products. E. Eviroetal Protectio Act Beefits Effective Noveber 1998, Cogress approved the use of bio-diesel as a Eergy policy Act (EP Act) copliace strategy. The legislatio allows EP Act-covered fleets (federal, state ad public utility fleets) to eet their alterative fuel vehicle purchase requireets siply by buyig 450 gallos of pure bio-diesel ad burig it i ew or existig diesel vehicles i at least a 20 bled with diesel fuel. The Cogressioal Budget Office ad the U.S. Departet of Agriculture have cofired that the biodiesel optio is the least cost alterative fuel optio for eetig for Federal goveret s EP Act copliace requireets. Because it works with existig diesel egies bio-diesel offers a iediate ad sealess way to trasitio existig diesel vehicles ito a cleaer burig fleet. There is o spillig whe fillig the tak ad o possibility of theft or pilferig. Egie oise is low ad oe will be drivig i a ore eviroet-friedly way III. DIESEL VEHICLE EMISSIONS Due to low volatility, evaporative eissios are osigificat. Though the cocetratio of CO ad uburt i the diesel exhaust are rather low, they are copesated by high cocetratio of NOx. There are soke particles ad oxygeated, icludig aldehydes ad odour-producig copouds. Fueled vehicles are CO,, NOx ad Pb while pollutats fro diesel-fueled vehicles are particulate atter (icludig soke), NO X, SO 2, PAH. Residece tie ad turbulece i the cobustio chaber, flae teperature ad excess O 2 affect CO foratio. NO X icludes itric oxide (NO), itrous oxide (N2O), itroge dioxide (NO 2 ), diitroge trioxide (N 2 O 3 ) ad itroge pet oxide (N 2 O 5 ). NO ad NO 2 collectively represeted as NO X, are the ai itroge oxides eitted by vehicles. About 90 of these eissios are i the for of NO which is produced i the vehicle egie by cobustio of itroge at high teperatures. NO 2 is fored by oxidatio of NO, ad has a reddish brow color ad puget odour. I developig coutries, the trasport sector accouts for 49 of NO X eissios ad the power sector, 25; the idustrial sector, 11; the residetial ad coercial sectors, 10 ad other sources 5. Aother iportat gas eitted is carbo-di-oxide which is a gree house gas associated with global warig resultig aily fro icreased cobustio of fossil fuels icludig otor vehicle fuels. IV. MOTIVATION FOR PRESENT STUDY Belgau is secod capital of Karataka ad faous for pleasat cliatically coditios but is highly pollutig day by day. Air pollutio is particularly alarig because of its harful effects o hua health. Belgau is aily sufferig fro Air Pollutio related probles. The fastest growig ifrastructure facilities i city, various costructio activities ad vehicular pollutio ade the air pollutio level very high. The icreasig uber of vehicles ad buses of Belgau city Trasport ade situatio too worst. Belgau is the city where couters are priarily depedet o the road trasport syste. This has led to a eorous icrease i the uber of vehicles with the associated probles of traffic-cogestio ad a alarig icrease i air pollutio. Therefore, there is a urget eed for vehicles i Belgau to switch over to various alterative fuels such as Bio-Diesel, CNG, Auto-LPG ad LNG, to iiize air pollutio i Belgau city. The ajor pollutats eitted by otor vehicles iclude CO, NOx, sulphur oxides, (SO),, lead (Pb) ad suspeded particulate atter (S). These pollutats have daagig effects o both hua health ad ecology. The hua health effects of air pollutio vary i the degree of severity, coverig a rage of ior effects to serious illess, as well as preature death i certai cases. Most of the covetioal air pollutats are believed to directly affect the respiratory ad cardio-vascular systes. I particular, high levels of SO2 ad S are associated with icreased ortality, orbidity ad ipaired puloary fuctio, Lead prevets heoglobi sythesis i red blood cells i boe arrow, ipairs liver ad kidey fuctio ad causes eurological daage. Therefore, it is iportat to reduce pollutio fro vehicular eissios. 56

3 Nuber of Buses ISSN: V. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY The pricipal objective of the preset research is to carry out a copariso of vehicle pollutio for diesel ad Bio- Diesel fuelled buses.. The itet is to suggest strategies for iiizig vehicular pollutio i Belgau city. The objectives of the preset research are achieved through Collectio of data related to various alterative fuels, particularly diesel ad Bio-Diesel Collectio of data pertaiig to eissio factors Collectio of data pertaiig to Belgau cities total uber of buses i all the depots. The average ruig kiloeter per day of various buses of Belgau city trasport. Buses flyig i city ad other areas ad Copariso of eissio level for Diesel fueled ad Bio-Diesel fueled buses i Belgau. Fro Table 1 ad figure1, it is see that the uber of buses i all the three depots of Belgau city cosists of 377 buses. All the buses are usig diesel fuel. Table II The average ruig kiloeter per day of various buses i various depots Depots 150k/day 250k/day 550k/day Depot Dept Depot Total No Buses VI. METHODOLOGY The followig ethodology has bee adopted for coductig the preset study. The details of uber buses i various depots of Belgau city have bee collected. The average daily ruig kiloeter of various buses were collected fro Belgau city depots The eissio levels of various class vehicles have bee collected fro Cetral Pollutio Cotrol Board, New Delhi ad fro other reliable sources. Available data has bee aalyzed with the objective of iiizig vehicular pollutio with Bio-Diesel fuels/categories of vehicles VII. COLLECTION OF DATA The data of buses has bee collected fro 3 depots of Belgau city Trasport. The data collected is show i Table: I. the coparative pollutio loads have bee collected fro various agecies ad various research works Nae of Depot Depot Depot Depot Table 1 Nuber of buses i various depots of Belgau city Trasport Nuber of Buses i various Depots of Belgau city 148 Nuber of buses 106 Series1 Fig 2: Buses ruig kiloeter/day i various depots of Belgau city Table 2 ad figure 2 shows various uber buses ruig kiloeter per day i ad aroud Gulbarga city. About 102 buses ru 150 kiloeters/day, 202 buses ru 250k/day approxiately ad 73 buses ru alost 550k/day. Table III Pollutio load i of Diesel Buses Pollutats CO NOx Diesel {Source: Frailey et al. (2000) as referred i World Bak (2001b: 2),ad Dr. SarathGuttikuda, New Delhi, July 2008, Four Siple Equatios for Vehicular Eissios Ivetory, Siple Iteractive Models for Better Air Quality, Table IV Average Bio-diesel eissios copared to Covetioal Diesel Eissio Type B100 B20 Total Hydrocarbos Ubured Carbo Mooxide Particulate Matter NOx t0-2 0 Depot 1 Depot 2 Depot 3 Depots Fig-1: Nuber of buses i various depots of Belgau city trasport 57

4 (Source Now by usig the data give i table No.3 ad 4 we ca calculate the pollutats of B100 ad B20 Bio-diesel buses as show i Table No.5. Table V i Diesel eissios i by the use of Bio-diesel i buses Eissio Type B100 B20 TotalUbured Hydrocarbos Carbo Mooxide Particulate Matter NOx or Source: Frailey et al. (2000) as referred i World Bak (2001b: 2). VIII. CALCULATION OF POLLUTION LOADS This sectio describes the procedure for calculatios of pollutio loads. With the help of available data firstly the pollutio load of Bio-diesel buses ad diesel buses ca be calculated for the Belgau city Trasport depots. Now the calculatio of pollutio loads will be doe o the basis of three categories of buses ruig with 150k/day, 250 k/day ad 550k/day. All the calculate loads are show i tale No. 4, 5 ad 6 respectively. Table VI: Coparative Pollutio load i kg/k of Diesel ad B100 Bio-diesel fuelled 102 buses ruig 150k/day Fuel CO NOx Diesel (B100) g/k 36720g/k 36.72kg 321.3kg g/k 19.09kg g/k 353.4kg +10 (Icrease) 5814 = 5.81kg g/k 3.07kg = 6.12kg g/k 2.01kg Table VI shows Coparative Pollutio load i kg/k of Diesel ad B100 Bio-diesel fuelled 102 buses ruig 150k/day ad Table VII shows Pollutio load i kg/k of Diesel ad B20 Bio-diesel fuelled 202 buses ruig 250k/day or Table VII: Pollutio load i kg/k of Diesel ad B20 fuelled 102 buses ruig 150k/day (B100) Table VIII: Coparative Pollutio load i kg/k of Diesel ad B100 Bio-diesel fuelled 202 buses ruig 250 k/day Fuel CO Diesel g /k 121.2kg 63024g/ k 63.02kg NOxg/k g /k kg g /k kg (Icrease) 19190g/k 19.19kg g /k 10.15kg g/k 20.02kg 6666g/k 6.66kg Table VIII shows Coparative Pollutio load i kg/k of Diesel ad B100 Bio-diesel fuelled 202 buses ruig 350 k/day Table IX: Pollutio load i kg/k of Diesel ad B20 Bio-diesel fuelled 202 buses ruig 250k/day Fuel (B20) Fuel (B20) CO g /k 32.31kg CO g /k kg NOxg/k = kg Or = kg NOxg/k g/k kg or g /k g/k 4.89kg 16867g/ k 16.86kg or g/ k 5.11kg 16160g/ k 16.16kg Table XI shows Pollutio load i kg/k of Diesel ad B20 Bio-diesel fuelled 202 buses ruig 250k/day 58

5 Table X: Coparative Pollutio load i kg/k of Diesel ad B100 Bio-diesel fuelled 73 buses ruig 550 k/day Table XII: Total Ruig Kiloeter of all the buses of Belgau City Trasport ad Their Diesel Cosuptio l Fuel CO NOxg/k Diese 96360g/k g /k 96.36kg kg (B100) g g /k /k 50.10g/k kg Kg (Icrease) 15257g/k 15.25kg g /k 8.07kg g/ k 16.60kg g /k 5.29kg Table X shows Coparative Pollutio load i kg/k of Diesel ad B100 Bio-diesel fuelled 73 buses ruig 550 k/day Fuel (B20) Reducti o Table XI: Pollutio load i kg/k of Diesel ad B20 fuelled 73 buses ruig 550k/day CO NOxg/k g g /k /k 84.79kg kg or g/k kg g /k 13.41kg or g/ k 12.84kg Table XI shows Pollutio load i of Diesel ad B20 Bio-diesel fuelled 73 buses ruig 350k/day (Sourcewww.epa.gov/otaq/odels/aalysis/biodiese/p02001.pdf) Fig 3: pollutio levels by the use of B100 ad B20 Bio-Diesel buses i Depot s All Depots Total k/day ru by all the buses Average Diesel Mileage kiloeter/liter k/liter Diesel required/day liers/ day The preset cost of Diesel per liter i Belgau city is ad the cost of Bio-Diesel is 23.(As per PCRA). Now by referrig to the costs of Diesel ad Bio-Diesel at Belgau-Karataka state the followig table has bee prepared ad copared ad is as show i the followig Table uber 13. Table XIII: Total diesel cosuptio/day ad Cost of Diesel ad Bio-Diesel/day ad the cost Saved/day by the use of B100 Bio-Diesel All Depots of Belgau City Trasport Total Diesel Required/day Diesel required/day liter/day Cost of Diesel i Cost Bio-Diesel i Cost Saved/Day by the use of Bio- Diesel i IX. CONCLUSION 1. By referrig the calculated pollutio loads it will be cocluded that, by use of B100 Bio- diesel i place of diesel fuel i Belgau city depots, we ca reduce the CO fro kg /day kg/day, Particulate Matter () fro 40.25kg/day to 21.29kg/day ad Hydro Carbo () fro 42.74kg/day to13.96 kg/day. It eas we ca reduce CO by 48, by 47, by 67 ad NOx ay icrease about 10. This icrease i NOx ay be reduced by usig Catalytic Covertor i the buses. 2. By referrig the calculated pollutio loads it will be cocluded that, by use of B20 Bio- diesel i Belgau city depots,, we ca reduce the CO to kg/day, Particulate Matter () to35.16kg/day ad Hydro Carbo () to34.11kg/day. It eas we ca reduce CO by 12, by 12, by 20 ad NOx ay icrease or decrease by 2. The icrease i NOx ay be reduced by usig Catalytic covertors i the buses. 3. By referrig table 13 we ca coclude that alost about /day ca be saved by all the depots of Belgau City Trasport by the use of 100 bled of Bio-Diesel. It eas alost about 56 of cost ca be reduced by the use of Bio-diesel i all the three depots of Belgau City Trasport. 4. Alost about ca be saved per year by the use of B100 Bio-Diesel i Belgau city. 5. Sustaiable Developet ca be ade by the use of Bio-Diesel i Belgau city Trasport buses by reducig the cost of operatio ad also reducig the 59

6 exhaust eissios by savig the city eviroet ad our earth REFERENCES [1] Segupta, B. (2000). Steps take to cotrol vehicular pollutio i Idia. The paper preseted i iteratioal workshop orgaized by Society of Idia Autoobile Maufacturers (SIAM), New Delhi, Dec [2] Mashelkar, R. A. (2002). Report of Its Expert Coittee o Auto Fuel Policy, Gov. of Idia, New Delhi. [3] Delhi, 2002, Proceedigs of the recet Workshop o "Biofuels" by the Cetre for Bharatiya Marketig Developet (CBMD), UNDP/UNIDO assisted Prograe o "Alterate Fuels"-Report. [4] Cetral Pollutio Cotrol Board (1999a), Parivesh: Newsletter, Vol.6 (1), Jue, CPCB, Miistry of Eviroet ad Forests, Delhi. Cetral Board (1999b), Parivesh: Highlights 1999, CPCB, Miistry of Miistry of Eviroet ad Forests, Delhi. [5] CPCB (Cetral Pollutio Cotrol Board), 2000.Trasport fuel quality for year 2005.PROBES/78/ ,CPCB,Delhi. [6] Pudir, B.P. (2001), Vehicular Air Pollutio i Idia: Recet Cotrol Measures ad Related Issues, i Idia Ifrastructure Report 2001, Oxford Uiversity Press, Delhi. [7] Pudir B.P., Vehicular eissios ad cotrol: Perspective i Idia: A state of art report. Miistry of Eviroet ad forests, Goveret of Idia [8] EPA Alterative Fuels Web Site, October [9] Kathuria, V. (2002). Vehicular pollutio cotrol i Delhi. Trasport Research, D 7, [10] Akhil Mittal1, Ashish Arora2 ad Aubha Madal3 (ittal_akhil@yahoo.co) Vehicular Pollutio by Itroductio of CNG I Delhi - A Case Study [11] Faiz A. et al. (1996) Air Pollutio fro Motor Vehicles. The World Bak, Washigto D.C. [12] Chadii T. (1998) Cotrol of Vehicular Pollutio i Idia: Soe Recet Iitiatives. Workshop o Itegrated Approach to Vehicular Pollutio i Delhi, New Delhi. 60