Development of balloon-borne CO 2 sonde and test flight observations

Transcription

1 Development of balloon-borne CO 2 sonde and test flight observations 1 Y. Matsumi, M. Ouchi, T. Nakayama Solar Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Japan K. Shimizu, K. Shibata Meisei Electric Co. Ltd., Japan G. Inoue Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, the University of Tokyo, Japan M. Kawasaki Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Japan

2 Introduction Vertical CO 2 distribution in the troposphere (particularly the PBL) is key to estimate the local surface flux of CO 2 However, measurements of the vertical distribution are limited to some specific regions where specially equipped aircrafts are available We are developing a low-cost, easy-to-operate, all-weather CO 2 sonde flown with a meteorological balloon This sonde will also be used for the validation of the Japanese satellite column CO2 sensor, the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) and other remote sensing instruments Target Specifications 2 Altitude Range Time Resolution Uncertainty Data Acquisition Weight of Payload Cost of Payload Surface to 10 km 1 min (i.e., dz~300m) <1 ppmv Radiosonde Telemetry <2 kg <US$ 3,000 (incld. RS.) Cost of Ground System <US$ 33,000 plus Cal.

3 CO 2 sensor module 3 A special CO 2 sensor module for upper-air sounding has been developed The module is based on the Non-Dispersive InfraRed(NDIR) absorption spectroscopy technique at 4.3 μmco 2 absorption band and at 4.0 μm as a reference Optical cell length 120 mm Light source Optical filters & detectors Air in/out Air Air Power input port Data output port (to radiosonde) 4.3 µm (CO 2 absorption band) 4.0 µm (no CO 2 absorption)

4 Schematic Diagram of the CO 2 instrument ppm standard gas Ambient air 400 ppm standard gas Valves A B C GPS Radiosonde (Meisei RS-06G) Filter Temp. Pressure Humidity GPS Data Control Control board CO 2 Sensor Module Lamp Detector ~~ 400 MHz Dehumidifier Pump Flow meter

5 5 (A) 370 ppm std. gas (B) Ambient air (C) 400 ppm std. gas (B) Ambient air Valve control cycle 40 sec for each & 160 sec for one cycle (including two ambient air modes) (A) 370 ppm std. gas

6 CO 2 sensor package 7 Pump Gas inlets Valves Battery connectors Flow meter CO 2 sensor module Weight 2.0 kg

7 Standard gas container and 400 ppm Standard gas bags (aluminum-coated bags)

8 6 Balloon GPS Radiosonde Standard gas container parachute CO 2 sensor package Total weight 4 kg including a balloon and parachute

9 Balloon experiments 9 1) Nov. 15 and 16, 2008, Moriya, Ibaragi, Japan (2 balloons) 2) March 26 and 27, 2009, Moriya, Ibaragi, Japan (2 balloons) 3) August 26 and 27, 2009, Moshiri, Hokkaido, Japan (3 balloons) 4) December 22, 2009, Moriya, Ibaragi, Japan (3 balloons) 5) January 7, 2011 Around Tokyo area sites, Japan (3 Balloons) 6) January 31 & Feb. 3, 2011 Moriya, Ibaragi, Japan (2 balloons) Total 20 balloon Experiments Moshiri Sapporo Moriya Tokyo Nagoya

10 [ I(4.0µm) - I(4.3µm)] / Pressure 2.6 Raw data of CO 2 balloon experiment ppm Ambient air ppm ,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 Altitude (m)

11 Humidity(%) Altitude (m) CO 2 mixing ratio 1000 Temperature( ) CO 2 (ppm) Results of the CO 2 sonde launched at 14:32 Dec. 22 at Moriya Ibaragi, Japan

12 Site A: Isezaki Tokyo metropolitan area 3-sites balloon campaign 13:00 (LT) Jan. 7, Wind Tokyo Site B: Ichihara Site C: Shirako Population Density 100 km Coal and oil power plant

13 L 13 H Wind Tokyo Weather map at 9:00 on Jan. 7, 2011 Tokyo High pressure in the west and low pressure in the east: Typical winter weather in Japan Cloud

14 CO 2 vertical profiles of 3-sites balloon Analysis of CO 2 emission and diffusion processes 14 Free troposphere Boundary Layer Wind Tokyo area CO 2 emission sources Windward Near emission sources Leeward Site A: Isezaki Site B: Ichihara Site C: Shirako

15 Results at Site B: Isezaki Temperature( ) :00 Jan. 7, Altitude(m) Temp. Humid CO 2 (ppm) Relative humidity(%)

16 Altitude 高度 (m) (m) 伊勢崎 Site A:Windward 市原 Site B: Near sources 白子 Site C: Leeward CO2 (ppm) Boundary layer Tokyo ares CO 2 emission Wind ward Site A: Isezaki Near the emission sources Site B: Ichihara Leeward Site C: Shirako

17 Summary 17 We have developed a low-cost, easy-to-operate, all-weather CO 2 sonde flown with a meteorological balloon This sonde will be used for the measurements of vertical CO 2 profiles in the troposphere, and for the validation of satellite/ground-based remote sensing instruments We have made twenty test flights in Japan for last three years For the current version, the measurement uncertainty is ~2 ppmv up to 6km and the payload weight is ~2 kg Tokyo metropolitan area three-sites campaign was performed. The emission and diffusion processes of CO 2 from sources in and near Tokyo were reflected on the vertical profiles of CO 2 obtained by the simultaneous balloon experiments at the 3 three sites. The planned release : Year 2012 (a user evaluation model) from Meisei Co.

18 END

19 S CONTRAIL data: Machida et al. Balloon, Dec. 22, 14:43 5 Altitude (m) CONTRAIL, Dec. 21, 18:27 CONTRAIL, Dec. 22, 21:46 CONTRAIL, Dec. 23, 15: CO 2 (ppm)

20 36.5 S-2 36 Moriya Tokyo Altitude Balloon 高度 0 km 守谷気球 3 km Narita airport 5 km 1.1 km 35.5 CONTRAIL 09_322_a Altitude 4.8 km km CONTRAIL data: Machida et al.

21 Site A: Isezaki Altitude 5 km 8 km 10 km Traces of the balloons on Jan. 7, Altitude 12 km S Site B: Ichihara Site C: Shirako km 5 km 8 km Altitude 8 km km 100 km

22 at Moshiri, Japan on August 26th, 2009 S-4 FTS: Fourier Transform Spectrometer (similar to the GOSAT instrument) OSA: Optical Spectrum Analyzer (a newly developed low-cost instrument)

23 March 26, 2009 in Moriya, near Tokyo S-5 Altitude (m) CO 2 Temp. Humidity Temp. ( C), rel. humidity (%)

24 March 27, 2009 in Moriya, near Tokyo S-6 Altitude (m) CO 2 Humidity Temp. Temp. ( C), rel. humidity (%)

25 Comparison with GOSAT satellite Average CO 2 mixing ratios S-7 Balloon ppm GOSAT ppm Balloon ppm Balloon ppm GOSAT ppm