WP2 CAREPI IMPLEMENTATION

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Carmel Montgomery
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Identification of Energy Needs Assessment for

CAREPI program Technical Working Group (TWG)

2009 Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta WP2

OF ENERGY-RELATED NEEDS AND PRIORITIES OF

1 Identification of Energy Needs Assessment for Pro-poor Community A Lesson Learned from WP2 CAREPI program Technical Working Group (TWG) V Meeting Hotel Sultan, Jakarta December 03rd 2009 Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta WP2 CAREPI IMPLEMENTATION TARGET: IDENTIFICATION OF ENERGY-RELATED NEEDS AND PRIORITIES OF POOR COMMUNITIES, KECAMATAN KARANGMOJO, YOGYAKARTA

2 Methodology Why used PRA? Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods are now well developed in relation to needs and policy assessment. Base on PRA strategy, the communities can develop the self-assessment system and build the simple mechanism for evaluating their energy needs. The mechanism provides the communities which are able to develop some alternative local energy potentials in adjacent their village. PRA can be one of tools to provide the community for running sustainable development particularly in this energy program.

3 HOUSEHOLD To get a better insight in current energy related problems. To calculate the energy need and its consumption (cost) for energy. To evaluate the energy priorities for households. To formulate the available energy potentials surrounding their village(s). LOCAL ENTREPRENEURS To get a better insight in current energy related problems. To calculate the energy need and its consumption (cost) for energy. To formulate the energy potentials surrounding their village(s). To evaluate the priority of energy use in ranking according to the urgency of a problem for local entrepreneurs. To identify possible economic activities (development) that can be operated if the new energy have been supplied to the sites. An overview of existing data/study/research/policy in relationship with pro-poor Local Economic Development (LED) This stage is a pre-survey which was conducted in order to gather information for choosing some alternative locations for needs assessment work programme. The intensive discussions with regional energy office of Dinas Pertambangan Kabupaten Gunungkidul and BPS (Biro Pusat Statistik, Statistical Centre Bureau) of Kabupaten Gunungkidul were carried out. The outcome of this discussion is to give the global description regarding to view of region, economical aspect and current energy policies/programmes which have been implemented in the region/kabupaten.

4 Survey on Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) for Initial Data Collection The survey was employed by visiting the local stakeholder, regional office (Dinas) of energy and the local entrepreneur for gathering the information related to the real situation of cultural and social condition of community. The information were collected during the survey (semi-structured interview) based on the following issues for set of guideline questions. Average daily or monthly income of rural communities in Kecamatan Karangmojo, Form of energy which is currently used for domestic activities, community services and local entrepreneur in Kecamatan Karangmojo, Renewable energy potentials and sources are available locally inkecamatan Karangmojo, The lifestyle, community social characteristics and cultural background in Kecamatan Karangmojo (in order to implement the PRA activities successfully), Outcomes from 1 st Workshop Semi-structured interview and focus group discussion are methods of qualitative participatory research method which was used in the PRA approach for energy needs assessment. The main issues delivered in this activity was: (1) current energy consumption, (2) energy related needs and problems; and (3) energy priorities in rural community of Kecamatan Karangmojo. Based on these issues, some short-presentations for the workshop were written and a set of guideline questions were designed for the semi-structured interview activities. Thus, FDG materials were also designed for group discussion in the programme.

5 Outcomes from 2 nd Workshop The main issues discussed in this activity was: energy priorities and programs for community and business opportunities in the village: summary from the PRA and 1st workshop; formulation on regional energy policy on selected community and local entrepreneurs in Karangmojo. propose several alternative energy programmes. Description of Selected Area Karangmojo capital city is Gedangrejo. Karangmojo

6 Geography Information Attitude: 105 m SWL Rainfall intensity: mm/year Topography : flat and hilly area Location: 10 km from Kabupaten Gunungkidul, and 70 km from Kota Yogyakarta Area: km 2, dominated by not-rice farming (palawija/plants, fruits) i.e. dry field (not agriculture used) and national forest, and others is rice farming (rainfall system), and sultan ground. No. Demography Population VILLAGE MALE FEMALE TOTAL 1 Bendungan 981 1,131 2,112 2 Wiladeg 1,976 2,136 4,112 3 Kelor 1,394 1,421 2,815 4 Ngipak 1,506 1,636 3,142 5 Karangmojo 3,648 3,822 7,470 6 Gedangrejo 2,647 2,801 5,448 7 Ngawis 1,751 1,922 3,673 8 Bejiarjo 7,721 8,049 15,770 9 Jatiayu 3,785 3,687 7,472 Remark: 60% of population as farming worker Growth Rate of Population: 0.15 % 25,409 26,605 52,014

7 PLN Costumer on 2006 No Village Household (Registered) PLN Costumer Ratio ( % ) 1 Bendungan ,7 2 Bejirejo ,96 3 Wiladeg ,28 4 Kelor ,36 5 Ngipak ,48 6 Karangmojo ,87 7 Gedangrejo ,04 8 Ngawis ,93 9 Jatiayu ,60 Kecamatan Karangmojo ,84 Type of Energy Used in Kecamatan Karangmojo No Activities Type of Energy Supply Electricity Fuels Firewoods Electricity Fuels Firewoods 1 Cooking - - Buy Buy and Collect 2 Lighting - PLN Buy - 3 Production (Local Entrepeneur) - - Buy 4 Ironing - - PLN Transportation Buy - 6 Water Pump for Irrigation Buy - Buy and Collect

500/ string 4 Electricity Rp. 50.000/ household Rp. 600/ kwh 5 Diesel (for irrigation) 8 lt/ h/ farmer group Rp.

8 Energy Consumption No Jenis Energi Consumption/ month Price Unit (IDR/Rp) 1 Petrol 60 lt/ household Rp / lt 2 Kerosene 10 lt/ household Rp / lt 3 Firewoods 6 string/ household Rp / string 4 Electricity Rp / household Rp. 600/ kwh 5 Diesel (for irrigation) 8 lt/ h/ farmer group Rp / lt Energy share per Month in Grid Connection Household in Karangmojo Energy share per Month in Non Grid Connection Household in Karangmojo

Renewable Energy Resources in Gunungkidul No Type of Energy Source Potential Energy 1 Wind --- 2.

67 kwt 4 Biomass (sampah hutan) Agricultural/forest waste/residues 764.

9 Renewable Energy Resources in Gunungkidul No Type of Energy Source Potential Energy 1 Wind kw 2 Solar photovoltaic kwh/m 2 /day 3 Bioethanol (Cassava) Cassava plantation 48, kwt 4 Biomass (sampah hutan) Agricultural/forest waste/residues ha 5 Biogas Livestock 8,199 cows 6 Biodiesel Jarak or Jatropha (physic nuts) 4,282.2 ha Sources: Depth Interview, FGD in Energy, PUSPER UMY Biogas Energy Programme Package for cooking -Building Biogass Instalation Prototype -Mentoring and Community Development -Involving the Financial Institution for Financing -Study in Waste Management

10 Package of Biogass Energy Program for Home Industries Small Local Entrepreneur (Tahu and Tempe Industry) Biogas Usage for Alternative Energy Solutions 2,5m 2,1m 0,4m 2,1m Picture : Fixed-dome Biogas

11 Construction Cost for Biogas Reactor No Material/Component Size Required Unit Price 1 Cement 40 kg per unit 2 Foundation Materials (Stone) Amount (IDR) 48 per unit 41,000 1,968,000-6 m 3 /unit 300,000 1,800,000 3 Sand - 13 m 3 /unit 400, ,000 4 Clay-Brick (batu bata merah) 5:20:10 3,500 units 450 1,575,000 5 PVC-Pipe 8 inch 1 unit 400, ,000 6 PVC-Pipe 0.5 inch 30 m 12,000/4 m 96,000 7 PVC-Pipe 0.75 inch 1 unit 18,000 18,000 8 Addittive Material for Mix Concrete Design (Ekosal) - 3 kg 40, ,000 9 Workmanship 6 man 15 days 40,000/day 3,600,000 Total Construction Cost 10,377,000 Note : Economic life-time of biogas reactor is estimated years Cost Flow Analysis No Remark Volume Unit Price 1 Safe from kerosene used 2 Safe from Firewood 3 Benefit/Safe from the use of Organic Fertilizer Safe per Month Safe per Year 10 liter/month Rp. 7,000 Rp. 70,000 Rp. 840,000 6 sting/month Rp. 12,500 Rp. 75,000 Rp. 900, kg/day Rp.500 Rp. 300,000 Rp. 3,600,000 Benefit for the use of biogas digester per year Rp. 5,340,000 Construction cost of giogas digester (Table 5.1) Rp. 10,377,000 Note : 1 cow can produce 15 kg animal waste per day. Every 12 kg of waste can be used for methane gas which converts with ½ liter of kerosene

12 No Remarks Investment 1 Investment cost of proposed digester Rp. 10,377,000 2 Stove for cooking (1 unit) Rp. 600,000 Total Investment Rp. 10,977,000 3 Saving in Year 1 Rp. 5,340,000 4 Rest from Investment of Year 1 Rp. 5,637,000 5 Saving in Year 2 Rp. 5,340,000 6 Rest from Investment of Year 1 Rp. 297,000 Payback Periode is 2 years + (Rp /Rp months) = 2 years 17 days Some biogas equivalents (Kristoferson and Bokalders 1991) Application Lighting Cooking Fuel replacement Shaft power Electricity generator 1m 3 Biogas Equivalent Equal to watt bulb for six hours Can cook three meals for a family of a five or six 0.7 kg of petrol Can run a one horsepower motor for two hours Can generate 1.25 kilowatt hours of electricity

Biodiesel Energy Package for Irrigation -Study for Production and Efficiency of Biodiesel from the Jathropa Curcas Oil -Mentoring Financing Skim

Fuel consumption 225 ml/hour 5 Water boiling 14 minutes/2 liter No Remark Volume Price Unit Estimated Cost 1 Roller/Presser Equipment for Jatropha Oil

200,000 Investment Total/Cost Rp. 2,220,000 Note : 1 liter Jatropha oil needs 3 kg of Jatropha seeds.

13 Biodiesel Energy Package for Irrigation -Study for Production and Efficiency of Biodiesel from the Jathropa Curcas Oil -Mentoring Financing Skim Program for the people Stove for Jatropha Oil No Remark Specification 1 Dimension 28 x 28 x 27 cm 2 Tank capacity 2 liter 3 Fire flame Blue with red 4 Fuel consumption 225 ml/hour 5 Water boiling 14 minutes/2 liter No Remark Volume Price Unit Estimated Cost 1 Roller/Presser Equipment for Jatropha Oil 1 unit Rp. 2,000,000 Rp. 2,000,000 2 Jatropha cultivation - Land 0.2 ha Seed 0.4 kg Rp. 50,000 Rp. 20,000 3 Wick Stove 1 unit Rp. 200,000 Rp. 200,000 Investment Total/Cost Rp. 2,220,000 Note : 1 liter Jatropha oil needs 3 kg of Jatropha seeds. 1 ha land can produce 15 kg of seed per day with seeds for plantation of 2 kg. Land is used for the programme is a marginal land that does not cultivated by agricultural plants for food or commercial purposes.

14 The economic benefit and safe analysis for a household Estimated Cost No Remark Volume Price Unit (per year) 1 Kerosene Stove 1 unit Rp. 200,000 Rp. 200,000 2 Minyak Tanah 10 liter/month Rp. 7,000 Rp. 840,000 3 Firewood 6 string/month Rp. 12,500 Rp. 900,000 Cost for cooking using kerosene and firewood Rp. 1,940,000 Cost for cooking using Jatropha oil stove and investment for Jatropha pressing machine Deficits per household at first year of Jatropha oil programme (fourth year of programme) Rp. 2,220,000 Rp. - (280,000) Saving per household per year after using the Jatropha oil Rp. 1,740,000 Based on the net cash-flow in the cash-flow analysis, it indicates household can receive the saving from Jatropha oil for cooking programme started from the fifth year of implemented programme. Year Investment Stove and Pressing Machine Operational Cost Discount Factor 14%/pa PV Operational Cost Cash in-flow PV Cash in Flow Net Cashflow 0 40, , , , , , , , ,499 2,000,000 20, ,196,002 1,660, , , , ,387 1,740, , , , ,112 1,740, , , , ,993 1,740, , , , ,011 1,740, , ,950

15 Feasibility Analysis on Jatropha Oil for Water Pump System in Kecamatan Karangmojo (Analysis for 1 Farmer Group) No Remark Volume Price Unit Estimated Cost (per year) 1 Generator (Diesel Fuel) 1 unit Rp. 1,000,000 Rp.1,000,000 2 The need of diesel fuel for irrigation 12 liter/day Rp. 6,000 Rp. 17,280,000 (calculated for dry session on 8 months/year) 3 Generator (Jatropha Oil) 1 unit Rp. 1,500,000 Rp. 1,500,000 4 Jatropha cultivation: - Landuse for cultivation - Jatropha seeds - Estimated cultivation cost 5 Crushing and Pressing Machine for Jatropha seed 2.4 ha 4.8 kg/year 2.4 ha/year Rp.2,500,000 Rp. 50,000 Rp.1,400,000 Rp. 6,000,000 Rp. 240,000 Rp. 3,360,000 1 unit Rp. 4,000,000 Rp. 4,000,000 Total cost per year for Diesel Generator (1 + 2) Rp. 17,280,000 Total cost per year for Jatropha Generator ( ) Rp. 13,600,000 Saving (first year) after Jatropha harvest and first Jatropha oil production Rp. 3,680,000 Saving per year after first year Rp. 7,680,000 Note : a. Capacity of Pressing machine, Input: 100 kg/day, Production capacity: 20% 100 kg Jatropha seeds or 25 liter JO/day. Lifetime of machine is about 10 years b. The effective raining session in Kecamatan Karangmojo is estimated for 4 months. c. Jatropha cultivation is about 3 years for harvest and can be produced to be Jatropha oil (JO). Year Investment for JO Machine Operational Cost Discount Factor 14%/pa PV Operational cost Cash in-flow PV Cash in Flow Net Cash-flow 0 9,600,000-8,421,053 8,421, ,421, ,600,000-16,842,105 7,386, ,386, ,600,000-25,263,158 6,479, ,479,727 4,000,000 9,600,000 84,506,002 5,683,971 17,280,000 10,231,147 4,547, ,600, ,566,944 4,985,939 17,280,000 8,974,691 3,988, ,600, ,401,662 4,373,631 17,280,000 7,872,536 3,498, ,600, ,010,157 3,836,518 17,280,000 6,905,733 3,069, ,600, ,392,428 3,365,367 17,280,000 6,057,660 2,692, ,600, ,548,477 2,952,076 17,280,000 5,313,737 2,361, ,600, ,478,301 2,589,541 17,280,000 4,661,173 2,071, ,600,000 74,105,263 2,271,527 17,280,000 4,088,748 1,817, ,600, ,659,280 1,992,567 17,280,000 3,586,621 1,594, ,600,000 1,138,910,434 1,747,866 17,280,000 3,146,159 1,398, ,600,000 1,329,935,365 1,533,216 17,280,000 2,759,789 1,226,573 Total 4,000, ,400,000 5,782,987,996 57,619, ,080,000 63,597,994 55,176,942

16 FGD: Stakeholders Analysis NO STAKEHOLDERS CONTRIBUTIONS 1 Community, farmer groups and local entrepreneurs 2 Local administration office/government 3 Regional Mining and Energy Office of Gunungkidul Regency Owner and take responsibility for managing the installed energy infrastructure in Kecamatan Karangmojo 1. Provide an energy facilities and infrastructure 2. Budget allocation from Village Budget/Anggaran Dana Desa (ADD) for development of energy alternative at each region. 3. Supervising the implementation of the proposed energy project. Continue and focused on programs in next fiscal period (APBD/APBN) related with energy alternative development in region includes infrastructure provision and capacity building. 4 Banking, Micro Finance Institution, Usaha Kecil and Menengah (UKM), Koperasi (Cooperation/Economic Enterprise) 1. Commitment to provide Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR) and other scheme of credits for farmers in building an energy infrastructure. 2. Capacity building for famer groups especially in finance management aspect. 3. Possible to be one of investors for energy infrastructure development. 5 University 1. Provide training and education facilities for capacity building in development of energy alternative. 2. Mentoring and assisting in operational of energy alternative. 3. Improving an applied research and development of energy alternative. FINANCING SCHEME FOR THE PROPOSED PROGRAMMES These schemes involve all financial stakeholders, i.e. Banking, Micro Finance Institution, Usaha Kecil dan Menengah (UKM), Cooperation and Regional Energy Office, as follows: 1) Subsidies Scheme 2) Credit Scheme 3) Combination of Various Funding Resources

17 Proposed Strategies for CASINDO TWG V in Yogyakarta Region The program will be in-line with community economic development program. PRA approach will be used in collaboration with government officer & student community services for assisting and empowering the community. Three techniques will be implemented in PRA, i.e. in-depth direct interview, focus group discussion and community based activities. Several workshops between community, local entrepreneurs, regional government offices, universities and (micro) financial institutions will be conducted for connecting the energy problems, potential, policy and program implementation.

18 Next Stages Evaluation the existing data of poor community and potential energy sources nearby. Identify the new alternative locations for CASINDO. Depth-discussion with Dinas related the programmes. ENERGY FOR PROVERTY ALLEVIATION

Optimizing Bioenergy Systems for Rural Areas

Optimizing Bioenergy Systems for Rural Areas Dipl. Ing. Microenergy-Systems Postgraduate School Centre for Technology and Society & Institute of Energy Engineering Technische Universität Berlin, Germany 1. Introduction of the research project Purpose