POLYAMIDES OTHER THAN NYLONS 6 AND 66

Transcription

1 Report No. 94 POLYAMIDES OTHER THAN NYLONS 6 AND 66 PART I by YEN-CHEN YEN November 1974 A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE I MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA

2 CONTENTS, PART I 1 SUMMARY AND COMMERCIAL ASPECTS... 1 Scope... 2 Aramids... 2 Nylon Fibers... 7 Nylon Resins... 9 Polyamides Other than Nylons and Aramids Technical Aspects The usual Introduction, Summary, and Industry Status 3 sections are combined in Section 1 of this report REVIEW OF PROCESSES Polymerization Processes Spinning Additives ARAMIDS WHOLLY PARA-LINKED Review of Processes Process Description Process Discussion Cost Estimates ARAMIDS NOT WHOLLY PAR-LINKED Review of Processes Process Description Process Discussion Cost Estimates PARTIALLY AROMATIC POLYAMIDES Review of Products and Processes A Process for Making Poly(Hexamethylene Terephthalamide) Process Description Process Discussion Cost Estimates A Process for Making Nylon 3M6,T Process Description Process Discussion Cost Estimates vii

3 CONTENTS, PART II 8 ALICYCLIC POLYAMIDES Review of Processes A Process for Making Nylon PACM, Process Description Process Discussion Cost Estimates ALIPHATIC POLYAMIDES FROM DIAMINES AND DIACIDS Review of Products and Processes Process Description Process Discussion Cost Estimates ALIPHATIC POLYAMIDES OTHER THAN NYLON 12, 11, OR 4 FROM LACTAMS OR AMINO ACIDS General Nylon Nylon Nylon Nylon Nylon Nylon Nylon Nylon NYLON , Chemistry Review of Processes Process Description Process Discussion Cost Estimates NYLON ll Chemistry Review of Processes Process Description Process Discussion Cost Estimates viii

4 CONTENTS, PART II 13 NYLON Chemistry Review of Processes Process Description Process Discussion Cost Estimates OTHERPOLYAMIDES Polyamides Containing Heterocyclic Groups Polyamides from Fatty Acids Unsaturated Polyamides Polyamides Containing Hetero Atoms Polyamides Containing N-Alkoxyalkyl Groups Copolyamides and Polyamide Blends Bicomponent Fibers APPENDIX A DESIGN AND COST BASES APPENDIX B PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA APPENDIX C SOME CONVERSIONS APPENDIX D NYLON NOMENCLATURE CITED REFERENCES PATENT REFERENCES BY COMPANY ix

5 ILLUSTRATIONS, PART I 5.1 Elongations at Break and Initial Moduli of Para Aramids Compared with Those of Other Polyamides, Glass, andsteel Tensile Strengths and Initial Moduli of Para Arsmids Compared with Those of Other Polyamides, Glass, andsteel FlowSheet Hexamethylphosphoramide Manufacture Flow Sheet ; Effect of Operating Level and Plant Capacity on Production Cost Flow Sheet Effect of Operating Level and Plant Capacity on Production Cost Poly(Hexamethylene Terephthalamide) Resin by Interfacial Flow Sheet Nylon 3M6,T Chip Manufacture Flow Sheet Nylon 3M6,T Chip Manufacture Effect of Operating Level and Plant Capacity on Production Cost xi

6 TABLES, PART I 1.1 World Producers of Aramids and Nylons Other than Nylons 6 and Cost Features of Certain Polyamide Fibers and Chips for Fibers...,., Cost Features of Certain Nylon Resins Polyamides by Batch Polymerization Patent Summary Polyamides by Continuous Polymerization Patent Summary Polyamides by Bulk Polymerization Patent Summary Polyamides by Polymerization in a Nonaqueous Medium Patent Summary Polyamides by Solid Phase Polymerization Patentsummary Polyamides by Interfacial Processes Patent Summary Polylactams by Anionic Polymerization Patent Summary Removal of Monomers and Oligomers from Polyamides Patent Summary Miscellaneous Catalysts for Polyamides Preparation Patentsummary Polyamides from Diamines and Dibasic Acids via Derivatives Patent Summary Polyamides from Diisocyanates Patent Summary Miscellaneous Processes for Polyamides Preparation Patent Summary Drying of Polyamides Patent Summary Production of Polyamide Powder Patent Summary Recovery and Treatment of Polyamide Waste Patent Summary xiii

7 TABLES, PART I Means of Cleaning Equipment for Producing Polyamides Patent Summary ,......,.... Melt-Spinning of Polyamides Patent Summary Spin-Drawing of Polyamide Fiber Patent Summary....., Spinnerets for Producing Polyamide Fibers Having Noncircular Cross Sections Patent Summary Solution Spinning of Polyamides Patent Summary Pigmenting and Delustering of Polyamides Patent Summary Stabilizers for Polyamides Patent Summary Antistatic Additives for Polyamides Patentsummary... Additives To Increase Hydrophilicity of Polyamides Patent Summary Additives To Change Dyeability of Polyamides Patent Summary Nucleating Agents for Polyamides Patent Summary... Plasticizers for Polyamides Patent Summary, Additives To Facilitate Processing of Polyamides Patentsummary... Additives or Techniques for Increasing Melt Viscosity of Polyamides Patentsummary... Means for Increasing Molecular Weight of Polyamides Patent Summary... Viscosity Stabilizers for Polyamides Patent Summary Additives for Improving Mechanical Properties of Polyamides Patent Summary xiv

8 TABLES, PART I Additives for Improving Transparency of Polyamides Patentsummary Additives for Improving Flame Retardance in Polyamides Patent Summary Miscellaneous Additives for Polyamides Patent Summary ,...., Para Aramids Patentsummary Aromatic Polyhydrazides Patentsummary Design Bases and Assumptions ,. 154 Major Process Equipment and Utilities Summary Stream Flows Waste Streams Hexamethylphosphoramide Manufacture Major Process Equipment and Utilities Summary Hexamethylphosphoramide Manufacture Stream Flows Hexamethylphosphoramide Manufacture Total Capital Investment Hexamethylphosphoramide Manufacture Production Costs Total Capital Investment Production Costs Poly(p-Phenylene Terephthalamide) Yam Heat Treatment Total Fixed Capital Poly(p-Phenylene Terephthalamide) Heat-Treated Yarn Production Costs Comparison of Costs for Different Deniers xv

9 TABLES, PART I Poly(m-Phenvlene Isophthalamide).s Patent Summary Aramid Patent Aramid Patent Ordered Copolymers Summary Limited-Order Copolymers Summary...,..., Other Aramids Patent Summary Design Bases and Assumptions Major Process Equipment and Utilities Summary Stream Flows Waste Streams Total Capital Investment Production Costs , Polyamides from Diacids Containing Aromatic Groups and Aliphatic Diamines Patent Summary Polyamides from Aromatic Diacids and Branched Aliphatic Diamines Patent Summary Polyamides from Aliphatic Diacids and Diamines, Other Than Xylylenediamines, Containing Aromatic Rings Patent Summary Polyamides from Xylylenediamines Patent Summary Polyamides from Amino Acids Containing Aromatic Rings Patent Summary Polyamides from Diamines and Diacids, Both Containing Aryl Rings xvi

10 TABLES, PART I 7.7 Poly(Hexamethylene Terephthalamide) Resin by Interfacial Design Bases and Assumptions..., Poly(Hexamethylene Terephthalamide) Resin by Interfacial Major Process Equipment and Utilities Summary Poly(Hexamethylene Terephthalamide) Resin by Interfacial Stream Flows Poly(Hexamethylene Terephthalamide) Resin by Interfacial Waste Streams Poly(Hexamethylene Terephthalamide) Resin by Interfacial Total Capital Investment Poly(Hexamethylene Terephthalamide) Resin by Interfacial Production Costs i3 Nylon 3M6,T Chip Manufacture Design Bases and Assumptions Nylon 3M6,T Chip Manufacture Major Process Equipment and Utilities Summary Nylon 3M6,T Chip Manufacture Stream Flows Nylon 3M6,T Chip Manufacture Waste Streams Nylon 3M6,T Chip Manufacture Total Capital Investment Nylon 3M6,T Chip Manufacture Production Costs xvii