Stairways and Ladders Manual

Transcription

1 DEPAUL UNIVERSITY Stairways and Ladders Manual Envirnmental Health & Safety May 2016

2 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE NO. 1.0 PURPOSE SCOPE RESPONSIBILITIES GENERAL REQUIREMENTS RULES FOR STAIRWAYS Fixed Industrial Stairs 5.2 Stair Treads and Platfrms 5.3 Stair Rail and Handrails 6.0 PORTABLE LADDERS Types f Prtable Stepladders 6.2 Unsafe Prtable Ladders 6.3 Prtable Ladder Cnditin Assessment 6.4 Prtable Ladder Maintenance 6.5 Chsing the Prper Prtable Ladder fr the jb 6.6 Prtable Ladder Setup 6.7 Prtable Ladder Use 7.0 FIXED LADDERS, CAGES, AND WELLS Fixed Ladders 7.2 Fixed Ladder Cages 7.3 Fixed Ladder Wells 7.4 Fixed Ladder Landing Platfrms 7.5 Fixed Ladder Safety Devices 8.0 TRAINING REQUIREMENTS 12 APPENDIX A: Glssary 13 APPENDIX B: Ladder Phts 15 APPENDIX C: Prgram Histry 18

3 2 1.0 PURPOSE The purpse f these requirements is t prvide fr the safe use f stairways and ladders by emplyees and visitrs and t prvide guidelines which reference the design and cnstructin f fixed general industrial stairways (interir and exterir), prtable extensin ladders, stepladders, and permanent fixed ladders. 2.0 SCOPE The Occupatinal Safety and Health Administratin (OSHA) 29 CFR rules and minimum requirements apply t stairways and cmmn types f ladders used by DePaul University emplyees including ladders used in cnstructin, alteratins, repair and demlitin f wrksites. Other types f special ladders such as fruit picker ladders, cmbinatin step and extensin ladders, stckrm stepladders, aisle way stepladders, shelf ladders and library ladders are nt specifically cvered by this prgram; hwever, use, maintenance and care sectins apply. 3.0 RESPONSIBILITIES Envirnmental Health & Safety (EHS) is respnsible fr prgram develpment and review annually in cmpliance with all applicable regulatins and industry cnsensus standards. EHS will als prvide guidance and assistance in training. Department managers are respnsible fr identifying any existing r ptential hazards and fr identifying which emplyees require training prir t wrking n stairs and ladders. Supervisrs must prvide stairways and ladders required fr wrking in hazard situatins. Emplyees are respnsible fr fllwing the prcedure specified in this plicy. Emplyees are respnsible fr the prper care, use and inspectin f stairways and ladder their assigned t. Emplyees are expected t reprt any unsafe cnditins t a supervisr. 4.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS These rules specify when emplyers must prvide stairways and ladders. In general, the standards require the fllwing: When there is a break in elevatin f 19 inches r mre and n ramp, runway, embankment r persnnel hist is available, emplyers must prvide a stairway r ladder at all wrker pints f access. Nte: Use f make-shift climbing aides such as bxes, barrels, paint cans, carts, desks, chairs, etc., in place f the prper ladder, is nt an acceptable r safe wrk practice. When there is nly ne pint f access between levels, emplyers must keep it clear f bstacles t permit free passage by wrkers. If free passage becmes restricted, emplyers must prvide a secnd pint f access and ensure that wrkers use it. When there are tw r mre pints f access between levels, emplyers must ensure that at least ne pint f access remains clear. In additin, emplyers must install all stairway and ladder fall prtectin systems required by these rules and ensure that their wrksite meets

4 3 all requirements f the stairway and ladder rules befre emplyees use stairways r ladders. Sufficient illuminatin will be prvided in all areas where stairways and ladders are in use. 5.0 RULES FOR STAIRWAYS 5.1 Fixed Industrial Stairs Fixed stairs shall be prvided fr access frm ne structure t anther where peratins demand regular travel between levels and fr access t perating platfrms at any equipment that requires attentin rutinely during peratins. Fixed stairs shall als be prvided where access t elevatins is daily r at each shift fr such purpses as gauging, inspectin, regular maintenance, etc., where such wrk may expse emplyees t acids, caustics, gases, r ther harmful substances, r fr which purpses the carrying f tls r equipment by hand is nrmally required. (This des nt preclude the use f fixed ladders fr access t fixed tanks, twers, and similar structures, verhead traveling cranes, etc. where the use f fixed ladders is a cmmn practice.) Spiral stairways shall nt be permitted except fr special limited usage and secndary access situatins where it is nt practical t prvide a cnventinal stairway. Winding stairways may be installed n tanks and similar rund structures where the diameter f the structure is nt less than five feet. Fixed stairways shall be designed and cnstructed t carry a lad f five times the nrmal live lad anticipated but never f less strength than t carry safely a mving cncentrated lad f 1,000 punds. Fixed stairways shall als have a minimum width f 22 inches. 5.2 Stair Treads and Platfrms All treads shall be reasnably slip-resistant and the nsing shall be f nn-slip finish. Welded bar grating treads withut a nsing are acceptable prviding the leading edge can be readily identified by persnnel descending the stairway and prvided the tread is serrated r is f definite nn-slip design. Rise height and tread width shall be unifrm thrughut any flight f stairs including any fundatin structure used as ne r mre treads f the stairs. Stairway platfrms shall be n less than the width f a stairway and a minimum f 30 inches in length measured in the directin f travel. Vertical clearance abve any stair tread t an verhead bstructin shall be at least 7 feet measured frm the leading edge f the tread. Fixed stairs shall be installed at angles t the hrizntal f between 30 and 50 degrees. Any unifrm cmbinatin f rise/tread dimensins may be used that will result in a stairway at an angle t the hrizntal within the permissible range. 5.3 Stair Rails and Handrails The fllwing apply t all stair rails and handrails. A stairway having fur r mre risers, r rising mre than 30 inches in height, whichever is less, must have at least ne handrail prvided n clsed stairways preferably n the right side descending. A stair rail must als be installed alng each unprtected side r edge. When the tp edge f a stair rail system als serves as a handrail, the height f the tp edge

5 4 must nt be mre than 37 inches nr less than 36 inches frm the upper surface f the stair rail t the surface f the tread. Emplyees shuld always use handrails whenever ascending r descending stairs. 6.0 PORTABLE LADDERS 6.1 Types f Prtable Ladders The mst cmmn types f prtable ladders in use at DePaul University are: Self-supprting stepladders. Type I Industrial stepladder: 3 t 20 feet fr heavy duty use, 250 punds wrking lad such as utilities, cntractr, and industrial use. Type II Cmmercial stepladder: 3 t 12 feet fr medium duty, 225 punds wrking lad such as painters, ffices, and light industrial use. Type III Husehld stepladder: 3 t 6 feet fr light duty, 200 punds wrking lad such as light husehld use. Type III ladders are nt permissible fr use by maintenance and cleaning persnnel. Design criteria fr self-supprting step ladders include: A metal spreader r lcking device f sufficient size and strength shall be a cmpnent f each stepladder t securely hld the frnt and back sectins in pen psitins. Fr Type III ladders, the pail shelf and spreader may be cmbined in ne unit (The s-called shelf-lck ladder). Unifrm step spacing shall be emplyed that is n mre than 12 inches. Steps shall be parallel and level when the ladder is in psitin fr use. The minimum width between side rails at the tp, inside t inside, shall be nt less than 11.5 inches. Frm tp t bttm, the side rails shall spread at least 1 inch fr each ft f length f stepladder. Nn-self-supprting straight ladders: Single sectin ladders which may be f wden, metal, r fiberglass cnstructin up t 30 feet in length. (Nte: Maintenance and cleaning staff are prhibited frm using wd ladders per Facility Operatins department plicy.) Nn-self-supprting extensin ladders: May be f wden, metal r fiberglass cnstructin up t a maximum f 60 feet in length. All tw-sectin extensin ladders shall cnsist f tw sectins, ne t fit within the side rails f the ther, and arranged in such a manner that the upper sectin can be raised and lwered. Extensin ladders must be equipped with psitive stps t insure the minimum verlap. (Nte: Maintenance and cleaning staff are prhibited frm using wd ladders per Facility Operatins department plicy.) 6.2 Unsafe Prtable Ladders

6 5 The fllwing types f prtable ladders are cnsidered unsafe and are nt apprved fr use at DePaul University: Self-supprting stepladders lnger than 20 feet. Nn-self-supprting straight ladders lnger than 30 feet. Tw-sectin feet extensin ladders lnger than 60 feet. Trestle ladders, r extensin sectins r base sectins f extensin trestle ladders lnger than 20 feet. Painter stepladders lnger than 12 feet. Masn ladders lnger than 40 feet. Trlley ladders and side-rlling ladders lnger than 20 feet. 6.3 Prtable Ladder Cnditin Assessment All types f prtable ladders must be inspected by a qualified persn befre use and fllwing any event that culd affect the ladder s integrity. Including, but nt limited t the fllwing: If ladders tip ver, inspect fr dents, cracks, r ther damage. Als check hardware cnnectins alng rung t side rail cnnectins. If ladders are expsed t il and grease r ther slippery/chemical substance. The ladder shall be cleaned r remved frm service and bviusly marked until it is prperly cleaned r dispsed. Thse ladders that have develped structural defects, shall be withdrawn frm service and destryed. Specifically: The jints between the steps and side rails shall be tight, all hardware and fittings securely attached, and all mvable parts shall perate freely withut binding r undue play. All warning labels, rating labels and ther safety-related decals must be present and legible. Replacement labels and decals are available fr a nminal fee frm mst ladder manufacturers. N ther stickers shuld be present n ladders as they may hide structural defects. Rungs must be in gd cnditin withut dents, cracks, splits r defrmatin. Rungs must be knurled, textured r cated with a nn-slip surface. Rungs must als be free f grease, il, and ther slippery substances that may present a slipping hazard.

7 6 Fr prtable wden ladders: All wd parts shall be free frm sharp edges and splinters; sund and free frm shake, wane, cmpressin, failures, decay r ther irregularities. Cnstructin-grade lumber shuld be used fr all cmpnents. Lwdensity wd shall nt be used. The side rails shuld be cntinuus and if there are splices, they shuld be the same strength as a cntinuus rail f the same length. Fr prtable metal ladders: All parts shall be free frm sharp edges; sund and free frm dents, bends r ther bvius signs f structural distress. Fr prtable fiberglass ladders: All parts shall be free frm cracks, splinters, hles r ther bvius signs f structural distress. Fiberglass ladders must als be stred in a manner which prtects them frm excessive ultravilet expsure, which may weaken the ladder ver time. 6.4 Prtable Ladder Maintenance Ladders used fr dirty tasks shall be prperly cleaned prir t strage. Metal bearings f lcks, wheels, pulleys, and ther ladder parts shall be lubricated n an as needed basis. Frayed r badly wrn extensin ladder rpes shall be replaced with a similar like and kind f rpe. Safety and ther auxiliary add-n equipment shall be kept in gd cnditin, attached and trqued t manufacturer specificatins and used nly in the manner, as specified by the manufacture, t ensure prper and safe perfrmance. Irn ladders and appurtenances shall be painted r therwise treated t resist crrsin and rusting when lcatin demands. Wden ladders, when used under cnditins where decay may ccur, shall be treated with a nn-irritating preservative, and the details shall be such as t prevent r minimize the accumulatin f water n wd parts. 6.5 Chsing the Prper Prtable Ladder fr the Jb Ladders must nt be laded beynd the maximum intended lad fr which they were built r beynd the manufacturer rated capacity. When selecting an apprpriate ladder and determining the lad fr the intended wrk, the weight f the emplyee, all tls, and equipment must all be cnsidered. Chse the crrect height f ladder fr the task being perfrmed. The tp step f selfsupprting ladders and tp rung (r rungs) f extensin ladders are nt t be std upn. Likewise, tw shrter ladders may nt be lashed tgether r cmbined t make a lnger ladder.

8 7 Unless therwise labelled: Prtable ladders are designed as a ne-man wrking ladder based n a 200-pund lad. Ladders shuld nly be used fr the purpse fr which they were designed. D nt use a self-supprting ladder as a nn-self-supprting ladder. D nt use an extensin ladder as a scafflding plank, brace, etc. Use nly ladders with nn-cnductive side rails where the wrker r the ladder culd cntact expsed energized electrical equipment. 6.6 Prtable Ladder Setup Ladders must be used nly n stable and level surfaces unless prperly secured t prevent accidental mvement. Equip ladders with nn-slip bases when there is a hazard f slipping. Nte: Nn-slip bases are nt intended as a substitute fr care in safely placing, lashing, r hlding a ladder that is being used upn ily, metal, cncrete, r slippery surfaces. Prtable ladders shall, where pssible, be used at such a pitch that the hrizntal distance frm the tp supprt t the ft f the ladder is ne-quarter f the wrking length f the ladder (The length alng the ladder between the ft and the tp supprt). D nt place ladders in frnt f drs that pen tward the ladder unless the dr is blcked, lcked, r guarded. The area arund the tp and bttm f the ladders must be kept clear. D nt place ladders n bxes, barrels, r ther unstable bases t btain additinal height. When prtable ladders are used fr access t an upper landing surface, the side rails must extend at least 36 inches abve the upper landing surface. The ladder must be secured and a grasping device, such as a grab rail, must be prvided t assist wrkers in munting and dismunting the ladder. A ladder extensin must nt deflect under a lad that wuld cause the ladder t slip ff its supprt. The tp f a nn-self-supprting ladder must be placed with tw rails supprted equally unless it is equipped with a single supprt attachment. On tw-sectin extensin ladders must be equipped with psitive stps t insure the minimum verlap fr the tw sectins in use shall be as fllws: 6.7 Prtable Ladder Use: Size f Ladder (feet) Overlap (feet) Up t and including 36 3 Over 36 up t including 48 4 Over 48 up t including 60 5

9 8 Lk up befre climbing t ensure a safe ascent. Always maintain at three pints f cntact when mving n the ladder i.e. tw hands and ne ft, r tw feet and ne hand. (Als applies t fixed ladder use.) Always face the ladder when ascending r descending. (Als applies t fixed ladder use.) D nt climb n the bracing f a ladder. The bracing is designed t increase stability, nt t hld the weight f a wrker. The backside f the ladder can be used if it is designed and prvided with steps fr climbing n bth frnt and rear sectins. D nt verreach while n a ladder. Keep yur weight and center f gravity ver the ladder frame at all times. (Als applies t fixed ladder use.) Ladders must nt be mved, shifted r extended while in use. When mving a ladder, always dismunt, repsitin and then re-secure the ladder prir t climbing. D nt climb a ladder while carrying any bject r lad that culd cause lss f balance and lead t a fall. Utilize tl belts, materials lifts, c-wrkers r ther frms f assistance t safely mve tls and materials t the wrk site. (Als applies t fixed ladder use.) 7.0 FIXED LADDERS, CAGES, WELLS, PLATFORMS, SAFETY DEVICES All fixed ladders, appurtenances, and fastenings shall be designed t meet the fllwing requirements: 7.1 Fixed Ladders When different types f materials are used in the cnstructin f a ladder, the materials used shall be s treated as t have n deleterius effect ne upn the ther. Design Lad: Fixed ladders must be able t supprt at least tw lads f 250 punds each, cncentrated between any tw cnsecutive attachments. Fixed ladders als must supprt added anticipated lads caused by ice buildup, winds, rigging and impact lads resulting frm using ladder safety devices. Rung Diameter: All rungs shall have a minimum diameter f three-furths inch fr metal ladders, except as cvered in OSHA (b)(7)(i) and a minimum diameter f inches fr wd ladders. The rungs f an individual-rung ladder shall be s designed that the ft cannt slide ff the end. Ladders frmed by individual metal rungs imbedded in cncrete, which serve as access t pits and t ther areas under flrs, are frequently lcated in an atmsphere that causes crrsin and rusting. T increase rung life in such atmsphere, individual metal rungs shall have a minimum diameter f 1 inch. Rung Distance: The distance between rungs, cleats, and steps must nt exceed 12 inches and must be unifrm thrughut the ladder. Rail Distance: The clear length between rungs r cleats must be at least 16 inches.

10 9 Gripping Surfaces: Side rails, which might be used as a climbing aid, shall be free f crss sectins as t affrd adequate gripping surface withut sharp edges, splinters, r burrs. Clear Width: A clear width f at least 15 inches must be prvided each way frm the centerline f the ladder, except when cages r wells are in use. Clearance Climbing Side: The perpendicular distance frm the centerline f the rungs t the nearest permanent bject n the climbing side f the ladder must be at least 30 inches fr a ladder pitch f 90-degrees. Clearance Munting Surface Side: The distance frm the centerline rungs, cleats, r steps t the nearest permanent bject must be at least 7 inches. Step-Acrss Distance: The step-acrss distance frm the nearest edge f ladder t the nearest edge f equipment r structure must nt be mre than 12 inches r less than 2.5 inches. Where the step-acrss distance is greater than 12 inches, a landing platfrm shall be prvided. The minimum step-acrss distance t the platfrm shall be 2.5 inches. Extensin Rails: The side rails f the thrugh ladder extensins shall extend 42 inches abve parapets and landings. Fr thrugh ladder extensins, the rungs shall be mitted frm the extensins and will have 18 t 24 inches between rails. Pitch: The preferred pitch f fixed ladders shall be cnsidered t cme in the range f 75 degrees and 90 degrees with the hrizntal. Fixed ladders shall be cnsidered as substandard if they are installed within the substandard pitch range f 60 and 75 degrees with the hrizntal. Substandard fixed ladders are permitted nly where it is fund necessary t meet cnditins f installatin. This substandard pitch range shall be cnsidered as a critical range t be avided, if pssible. Ladders having a pitch in excess f 90 degrees with the hrizntal are prhibited. Anchring: All anchring pints cnnecting fixed ladder t the wall must be slid, and prperly blted r welded Sectin Cnnectins: All cnnectins between sectins f a fixed ladder must be securely welded r blted withut sharp edges t impede safe gripping f ladder surfaces Crrsin Prtectin: Fixed ladders expsed t utside weather r crrsive atmspheric cnditins must be galvanized r suitably painted t prtect cmpnents frm xidatin and rust damage. Als, adequate means shall be emplyed t prtect dissimilar metals frm electrlytic actin, when such metals are jined. Access: Fixed ladders must be secured behind lcked drs, cages r n lcked rftps s as t prevent access by the general public. 7.2 Fixed Ladder Cages When Required: Cages shall be prvided n ladders f mre the 24 feet t a maximum unbrken length f 30 feet.

11 10 Attachment: Hrizntal cage bands must be securely fastened t the side rails f the ladder r directly t the structure, building r equipment the ladder is affixed t. Hrizntal Bands: Hrizntal bands must be spaced at intervals n mre than 4 feet apart centerline t centerline Vertical Bars: Vertical bars must be n the inside f the hrizntal bands and fastened t them. Vertical bars must be at intervals f n mre than 9.5 inches frm centerline t centerline. Ladder t Cage Spacing: Cages must nt extend less than 27 inches r mre than 30 inches frm the centerline f the rung and must nt be less than 27 inches wide. Prjectins: The inside f cages must be clear f prjectins. Bttm Height: The cage bttm must be between 7-8 feet abve the bttm access pint f the ladder. Bttm Flare: The bttm f the cage must be flared at least 4 inches between the bttm hrizntal band and the next higher band. Tp f Cage Height: Tps f cages must be at least 42 inches abve the tp f the platfrm r tp access pint f the ladder. There must be an unbstructed path t the platfrm r pint f access. 7.3 Fixed Ladder Wells Clear Width: Ladder wells shall have a clear width f at least 15 inches measured each way frm the centerline f the ladder. Smth-walled wells shall be a minimum f 27 inches frm the centerline f rungs t the well wall n the climbing side f the ladder. Where ther bstructins n the climbing side f the ladder exist, there shall be a minimum f 30 inches frm the centerline f the rungs. Encirclement: Wells must cmpletely encircle the ladder. Well Bttm Height: The bttm f the well abve the pint f access t the bttm f the ladder must be between 7 and 8 feet. 7.4 Fixed Ladder Landing Platfrms If the ttal length f the climb n a fixed ladder equals r exceeds 24 feet, the ladder must be equipped with ladder safety devices; r self-retracting lifelines and rest platfrms at intervals nt t exceed 150 feet; r a cage r well and multiple ladder sectins with each ladder sectin nt t exceed 50 feet in length. These ladder sectins must be ffset frm adjacent sectins and landing platfrms must be prvided at maximum intervals f 50 feet. Step-Acrss Requirements: Where the distance is greater than 12 inches frm the centerline f the rung f a ladder t the nearest edge f structure r equipment, a landing platfrm shall be prvided. The minimum step-acrss distance shall be 2.5 inches.

12 11 Railing Requirements: All landing platfrms shall be equipped with standard railings and te-bards, s arranged as t give safe access t the ladder. Platfrm Size Requirements: Platfrms shall be nt less than 24 inches in width and 30 inches in length. Rung Spacing: One rung f any sectin f ladder shall be lcated at the level f the landing laterally served by the ladder. Where access t the landing is thrugh the ladder, the same rung spacing as used n the ladder shall be used frm the landing platfrm t the first rung belw the landing. Rail Extensins: The side rails f thrugh r side-step ladder extensins shall extend 42 inches abve parapets and landings. Fr thrugh ladder extensins, the rungs shall be mitted frm the extensin and shall have nt less than 18 and nt mre than 24 inches clearance between rails. Fr side-step r ffset fixed ladder sectins, at landings, the side rails and rungs shall be carried t the next regular rung beynd r abve 42 inches. Grab bars: If grab bars are in use, they must be spaced by a cntinuatin f the rung spacing when they are lcated in the hrizntal psitin. Vertical grab bars shall have the same spacing as the ladder side rails. Grab-bar diameters shall be the equivalent f the rundrung diameters. 7.5 Fixed Ladder Safety Devices Lifeline Cnnectin: See Fall Prtectin Hands Free Operatin: All safety devices must permit the wrker t ascend r descend withut cntinually having t hld, push r pull any part f the device, leaving bth hands free fr climbing. Activatin Requirement: All safety devices must activate within 2 feet after a fall ccurs and limit the descending velcity f an emplyee t 7 feet/secnd. Attachment Requirement: The cnnectin between the carrier r lifeline and the pint f attachment t the bdy belt r harness must nt exceed 9 inches in length. Rigid Carrier Munting: Muntings fr rigid carriers must be attached at each end f the carrier, with intermediate muntings spaced alng the entire length f the carrier, t prvide necessary strength t stp falls. Flexible Carrier Munting: Muntings fr flexible carriers must be attached at each end f the carrier. Cable guides fr carriers must be installed between feet alng the entire length f the carrier, t prevent damage t the system. Installatin: Design and installatin f muntings and cable guides must nt reduce the strength f the ladder.

13 12 Side Rails: Side rails and steps r rungs fr side-step fixed ladders must be cntinuus in extensin. 8.0 TRAINING REQUIREMENTS A training prgram must be prvided fr each emplyee using ladders and stairways. The prgram must enable each emplyee t recgnize hazards related t ladders and stairways and t use prper prcedures t minimize these hazards. Fr cnstructin peratins, additinal emplyee training is required. Emplyees must be trained by a cmpetent persn in the fllwing areas, as applicable: The nature f fall hazards in the wrk area. This includes assessment f the area surrunding the wrk area t identify any slip r trip hazards, traffic hazards, and/r the prximity t electrical wiring/equipment. The crrect prcedure fr erecting, maintaining and disassembling the fall prtectin systems t be used. The prper cnstructin, use, placement and care in use f all stairways and ladders. The maximum intended lad carry capacities f ladders used. Retraining must be prvided fr each emplyee as necessary s that the emplyee maintains the understanding and knwledge acquired thrugh use f safe wrk practices, prcedures and equipment.

14 13 APPENDICES APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY Cleat: A ladder crsspiece f rectangular crss sectin placed n edge upn which a persn may step while ascending r descending a ladder. Cmpetent Persn: One wh is capable f identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surrundings r wrking cnditins which are unsanitary, hazardus, r dangerus t emplyees, and wh has authrizatin t take prmpt crrective measures t eliminate them [29 CFR (f)]. By way f training and/r experience, a cmpetent persn is knwledgeable f applicable standards, is capable f identifying wrkplace hazards relating t the specific peratin, and has the authrity t crrect them. Sme standards add additinal specific requirements which must be met by the cmpetent persn. Duble-cleat ladder: A ladder with a center rail t allw simultaneus tw-way traffic fr emplyees ascending r descending. Failure: Lad refusal, breakage r separatin f cmpnents. Fixed ladder: A ladder that cannt be readily mved r carried because it is an integral part f a building r structure. Handrail: A rail used t prvide emplyees with a handhld fr supprt. Jb-made ladder: A ladder that is fabricated by emplyees, typically at the cnstructin site; nn-cmmercial manufactured. Lad refusal: The pint where the structural members lse their ability t carry the lad. Pint f access: All areas used by emplyees fr wrk-related passage frm ne area r level t anther. Prtable ladder: A ladder that can be readily mved r carried. Riser height: The vertical distance frm the tp f a tread r platfrm/landing t the tp f the next higher tread r platfrm/landing. Side-step fixed ladder: A fixed ladder that requires a persn t get ff at the tp t step t the side f the ladder side rails t reach the landing. Single-cleat ladder: A ladder cnsisting f a pair f side rails cnnected tgether by cleats, rungs r steps. Stair rail system: A vertical barrier erected alng the unprtected sides and edges f a stairway t prevent emplyees frm falling t lwer levels. Temprary service stairway: A stairway where permanent treads and/r landings are t be filled in at a later date.

15 14 Thrugh fixed ladder: A fixed ladder that requires a persn getting ff at the tp t step between the side rails f the ladder t reach the landing. Tread depth: The hrizntal distance frm frnt t back f a tread, excluding nsing, if any.

16 15 APPENDIX B: LADDER PHOTOS

17 16 Step ladder

18 17 Fixed ladder landing platfrms

19 18 APPENDIX C: PROGRAM HISTORY Date Revisin Number Brief Descriptin f Changes Review Cmpleted by 5/16/ Re-wrded J. Graham

20 19 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This manual was develped using best practice examples frm the Occupatinal Safety and Health Administratin (OSHA). EHS will review and evaluate this manual n an annual basis, r when changes ccur t 29 CFR that prmpt revisin f this dcument, r when Facility Operatins (FO) changes ccur that require a revisin f this dcument. Effective implementatin f this prgram requires supprt frm all levels f management at DePaul. This written prgram will be cmmunicated t all persnnel that are affected by it and will encmpass the ttal wrkplace, regardless f the number f wrkers emplyed r the number f wrk shifts.