List of members who prepared support material for Class-XI (Economics)

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1 List of members who prepared support material for Class-XI (Economics) TEAM MEMBERS S.No. Name School 1. Mrs. Neelam Vinayak Vice-Principal (Team Leader) G.G.S.S. Deputy Ganj, Delhi Dr. Daisy Gupta P.G.T. (Eco.) GGSSS, Vivek Vihar, Delhi Mr. Saket Kumar P.G.T. (Eco.) R.P.V.V., Kishanganj Delhi Sh. Bharat Chand Thakur P.G.T. (Eco.) R.P.V.V., Surajmal Vihar Delhi Economics (Hindi) XI

2 Rationale ECONOMICS (Code No. 30) Economics is one of the social sciences, which has great influence on every human being. As economic life and the economy go through changes, the need to ground education in children's own experience becomes essential. While doing so, it is imperative to provide them opportunities to acquire analytical skills to observe and understand the economic realities. At senior secondary stage, the learners are in a position to understand abstract ideas, exercise the power of thinking and to develop their own perception. It is at this stage, the learners are exposed to the rigour of the discipline of economics in a systematic way. The economics courses are introduced in such a way that in the initial stage, the learners are introduced to the economic realities that the nation is facing today along with some basic statistical tools to understand these broader economic realities. In the later stage, the learners are introduced to economics as a theory of abstraction. The economics courses also contain many projects and activities. These will provide opportunities for the learners to explore various economic issues both from their day-to-day life and also from issues, which are broader and invisible in nature. The academic skills mat they learn in these courses would help to develop the projects and activities. The syllabus is also expected to provide opportunities to use information and communication technologies to facilitate their learning process. OBJECTIVES 1. Understanding of some basic economic concepts and development of economic reasoning which the learners can apply in their day-to-day life as citizens, workers and consumers. 2. Realisation of learners' role in nation building and sensitivity to the economic issues that the nation is facing today. 3. Equipment with basic tools of economics and statistics to analyse economic issues. This is pertinent for even those who may not pursue this course beyond senior secondary stage. 4. Development of understanding that there can be more than one views on any economic issue and necessary skills to argue logically with reasoning. 2 Economics (Hindi) XI

3 Class-XI Paper-1 3 Hours 100 Marks Part A : Statistics for Economics 1. Introduction Collection, Organisation and Presentation ofdata Statistical Tools and Interpretation Developing Projects in Economics 10 5 Part B: Indian Economic Development Development Policies and Experience ( ) Economic Reforms since Current Challenges feeing Indian Economy Development experience of India-A comparison with neighbours 12 7 PART A : STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS In this course, Ihe learners are expected to acquire skills in collection, organisation and presentation of quantitative and qualitative information pertaining to Yarious simple economic aspects systematically. It also intends to provide some basic statistical tools to analyse, and interpret any economic information and drawappropriate inferences. In this process, the learners are a!so expected to understand the behaviour of various economic data. Unit 1: Introduction What is Economics? 5 Periods Meaning, scope and importance of statistics in Economics Unit 2: Collection, Organisation and Presentation of data 25 Periods Collection of data - sources of data - primary and secondary; how basic data is collected; methods of collecting data; Some important sources of secondary data: Census of India and National Sample Survey Organisation. Organisation ofdata: Meaning and types of variables; Frequency Distribution. Presentation ofdata: Tabular Presentation and Diagrammatic Presentation ofdata: (i) Geometric forms (bar diagrams and pie diagrams), (ii) Frequency diagrams (histogram, polygon and ogive) and (iii) Arithmetic line graphs (time series graph). 3 Economics (Hindi) XI

4 Unit 3: Statistical Tools and Interpretation 64 Periods (For all the numerical problems and solutions, the appropriate economic interpretation may be attempted. This means, the students need to solve the problems and provide interpretation for the results derived) Measures of Central Tendency- mean (simple and weighted), median and mode Measures of Dispersion - absolute dispersion (range, quartile deviation, mean deviation and standard deviation); relative dispersion (co-efficient of quartiledeviation, co-efficient of mean deviation, coefficient of variation); Lorenz Curve: Meaning and its application. Correlation - meaning, scatter diagram; Measures of correlation - Karl Pearson's method (two variables ungrouped data) Spearman's rank correlation. Introduction to Index Numbers - meaning, types - wholesale price index, consumer price index and index of industrial production, uses of index numbers; Inflation and index numbers. Unit 4: Developing Projects in Economics 10 Periods The students may be encouraged to develop projects, which have primary data, secondary data or both. Case studies of a few organisations / outlets may also be encouraged. Some of the examples of the projects are as follows (they are not mandatory but suggestive): (i) (u) A report on demographic structure of your neighborhood; Consumer awareness amongst households QS) Changing prices of a few vegetables in your market (iv) Study of a cooperative institution: milk cooperatives The idea behind introducing this unit is to enable the students to develop the ways and means by which a project can be developed using the skills learned in the course. This includes all the steps involved in designing a project starting from choosing a title, exploring Hie information relating to the title, collection of primary and secondary data, analysing the data, presentation of the project and using various statistical tools and their interpretation and conclusion. PART B: INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Unit 5: Development Policies and Experience ( ); 18 Periods A brief introduction of the state of Indian economy on the eve of independence. Common goals of Five Year Plans. Main features, problems and policies of agriculture (institutional aspects and new agricultural strategy, etc.), industry (industrial licensing, etc,) and foreign trade. 4 Economics (Hindi) XI

5 Unit 6: Economic Reforms since 1991: Need and main features - liberalisation, globalisation and privatisation; An appraisal of LPG policies. Unit 7: Current challenges facing Indian Economy: 14 Periods 60 Periods Poverty- absolute and relative; Main programmes for poverty alleviation: A critical assessment; Rural development: Key issues - credit and marketing * role of cooperatives; agricultural diversification; alternative farming - organic farming Human Capital Formation: How people become resource; Role of human capital in economic development; Growth of Education Sector in India Employment: Formal and informal, growth and other issues: Problems and policies. Inflation: Problems and Policies Infrastructure: Meaning-and Types: Case Studies: Energy and Health: Problems and Policies- A critical assessment; Sustainable Economic Development: Meaning, Effects ofeconomic Development on Resources and Environment, including global warming. Unit 8: Development Experience of India: A comparison with neighbours India and Pakistan India and China 12 Periods Issues: growth, population, sectoral development and other developmental indicators. 5 Economics (Hindi) XI

6 ECONOMICS Class XI Design of Sample Question Ppaper for March, 2012 Examination Time: 3 hours Maximum Marks 100 The weightage to marks over different dimensions of the question paper shall be as under : S.No. Content Unit Marks Part-A :Statistics for Economics 1. Introduction Collection, Organisation and presentation of data Statistical tools and Enterpretation 30 Total - 45 Part-B :Indian Economic Development 5. Development policies and Experience ( ) Economic Reforms since Current challenges facing Indian Economy Development experience of India- A comparision with neighbours 07 Grand Total - 95 B. WEIGHTAGE TO FORM OF QUESTIONS S.No. Forms of Questions Marks for No. of Total each Ques. Ques. Marks 1. Very short answer type (VSA) Short answer type (SA-I) Short Answer type (SA-II) Long Answer type (LA) Economics (Hindi) XI

7 C. NO. OF SECTIONS The question paper will have two sections A and B. D. SCHEME OF OPTION There will be no overall choice. However, there is internal choice in one question of 3 marks, one question of 4 makrs and one question of 6 marks in each section. E. WEIGHTAGE TO FORMS OF QUESTIONS S.No. Estimated Difficulty Level of Questions Percentage 1. Easy Average Difficult/above overage 20 F. TYPOLOGY OF QUESTIONS In order to asses different abilities to the subject, the question paper is likely to include open ended questions and numerical questions. 7 Economics (Hindi) XI

8 ;wfuv&1 vè;k;&1 ifjp; Lej.kh; fcanq % vfkz'kkl=k og fokku gs tks osdfyid mi;ksxksa okys lhfer lk/uksa rfkk mn~ns';ksa ls laca/ j[kus okys ekuoh; O;ogkj dk vè;u djrk gsa nqyzhkrk ls vfhkizk; gs] olrqvksa rfkk lalk/uksa dk mudh ekax dh rqyuk esa vhkkoa nqyzhkrk gh vkffkzd lel;kvksa dh tm+ gsa fø;k,a vkffkzd fø;k,a vukffkzd fø;k,a 1- mriknu 1- lkekftd fø;k,a 2- mihkksx 2- /kfezd fø;k,a 3- fuos'k 3- jktusfrd fø;k,a 4- fofue; 4 /ekzfkz fø;k,a 5- forj.k 5- ekrk&firk dh larku ds izfr fø;k,a lalk/ku (v) lhfer@nqyzhk rfkk (c) osdfyid mi;ksx okys gksrs gsa vkffkzd fø;k,a os fø;k,a gsa ftudk laca/ thfodksiktzu gsrq leifùk ;k /u dekus ls gsa buls ubz vk; dk l`tu gksrk gs o olrqvksa o lsokvksa ds izokg esa o`f¼ gksrh gsa tsls & mriknu] mihkksx fuos'k] fofue; forj.ka 8 Economics (Hindi) XI

9 vukffkzd fø;kvksa ds varxzr mu fø;kvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gs ftudk laca/ /u dekus ls ugha gksrk buls ubz vk; dk l`tu ugha gksrk uk gh olrqvksa o lsokvksa ds izokg esa o`f¼ gksrh gsa vkffkzd fø;k,a mihkksdrk % og vkffkzd,tsav gksrk gs tks olrqvksa o lsokvksa dk Ø; vko'drkvksa dh larqf"v ds fy, djrk gsa mriknd % tks olrqvksa o lsokvksa dk mriknu /u dekus ds fy, djrk gsa lsok/kjh %,d O;fDr tks uksdjh djrk gs rfkk viuh lsok,a mriknu ds dkjd ds :i esa nsrk gs vksj osru ;k ikfjjfed izkir djrk gs] lsok/kjh dgykrk gsa tsls vè;kida lsok iznkrk % tc O;fDr Hkqxrku ysdj viuh lsok,a vafre mihkksdrk dks iznku djrk gs] lsok iznkrk dgykrk gs tsls] VSDlh pkyd] dqyh vkfn lkaf[;dh la[;kred fooj.kksa ds lqo;oflfkr foospu dks lkaf[;dh dgrs gsaa lkaf[;dh dks nks izdkj ls ifjhkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gsa lkaf[;dh,dopu ds vfkz esa lkaf[;dh ls vfhkizk; lkaf[;dh fof/;ksa ls gs tsls vk dm+ksa dk ladyu] laxbu] izlrqrhdj.k] fo'ys"k.k o fuozpua cgqopu ds vfkz esa lkaf[;dh dk rkri;z ^^O;ofLFkr :i ls laxzfgr la[;kred rf;ksa ls gsa** lkaf[;dh dk {ks=k izkphu dky esa lkaf[;dh dk iz;ksx dsoy jktkvksa }kjk viuk iz'kklu pykus ds fy, fd;k tkrk Fkk ysfdu vkt ds ;qx esa lkaf[;dh dk egro c<+ x;k gs rfkk mu lhkh {ks=kksa rd tgka la[;kred rf;ks a dk iz;ksx gksrk gs] esa bldk izlkj gks x;k gs tsls vfkz'kkl=k] m ksx] okf.kt;] HkkSfrd 'kkl=k] jlk;u 'kkl=k vkfna 9 Economics (Hindi) XI

10 ekuoh; vkffkzd fø;kvksa dk,slk dksbz {ks=k ugha gs tgka lkaf[;dh dk iz;ksx u gksrk gksa lkaf[;dh dk vfkz'kkl=k esa egro 1- ;g vfkz'kkl=kh dks vkffkzd rf;ksa dks ;FkkrFkk fuf'pr :i esa izlrqr djus ;ksx; cukrk gsa 2- vk dm+ksa ds lewg dks dqn la[;kred ekiksa ds :i esa laf{kir djus esa lgk;rk djrh gsa 3- lkaf[;dh dk iz;ksx fofhkuu vkffkzd dkjdksa ds chp laca/ksa dks Kkr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gsa 4- vfkz'kkl=kh la[;kred vè;;uksa ds }kjk vkffkzd Hkfo";ok.kh djus esa l{ke gksrs gsaa 5- lkaf[;dh vkffkzd uhfr;ksa ds fuekz.k esa lgk;d gksrh gsa ftuls vkffkzd lel;kvksa dk lek/ku gks ldrk gsa 6- iwoz vkffkzd uhfr;ksa ds ifj.kkeksa dh leh{kk djus esa lgk;rk djrh gsa lkaf[;dh ds dk;z 1- lakf[;dh tfvyrk dks ljy cukrh gsa 2- lkaf[;dh rf;ksa dks la[;k ds :i esa izdv djrh gsa 3- lkaf[;dh leadks dks laf{kir :i esa izlrqr djrh gsa 4- lkaf[;dh fofhkuu leadks esa rqyuk,oa muesa laca/ LFkkfir djrh gsa 5- lkaf[;dh uhfr fu/kzj.k esa lgk;d gsa 6- lkaf[;dh vkffkzd iwokzuqeku esa lgk;d gsa lkaf[;dh dh lhek,a 1- lkaf[;dh O;fDrxr bdkb;ksa dk vè;;u ugha djrha 2- lkaf[;dh; fu"d"kz Hkze mriuu dj ldrs gsaa 3- lkaf[;dh dsoy la[;kred rf;ksa dk vè;;u djrh gsa 4- lkaf[;dh fu;e dsoy vkslru lr; gksrs gsaa 5- lkaf[;dh dk mi;ksx dsoy fo'ks"kkksa }kjk gh lahko gsa 6- leadksa dh,d:irk rfkk ltkrh;rk vko';d gsa 7- lkaf[;dh dk nq:i;ksx mldh lcls cm+h lhek gsa D;ksafd lkaf[;dh }kjk xyr ckr dks Hkh lgh lkfcr fd;k tk ldrk gsa 10 Economics (Hindi) XI

11 ,d vad okys iz'u 1- vfkz'kkl=k dh ifjhkk"kk fyf[k,a 2- nqyzhkrk dk D;k vfkz gs\ 3- cgqopu esa lkaf[;dh dk vfkz crkb,a ;wfuv&1 4-,dopu esa lkaf[;dh dh ifjhkk"kk fyf[k,a 5- lkaf[;dh dh,d lhek crkb,a 6- vkffkzd fø;k ls vki D;k le>rs gks\ 7- vukffkzd fø;k,a D;k gksrh gsa\ 8- lkaf[;dh dk dksbz,d dk;z fyf[k,a 9- mihkksdrk dh ifjhkk"kk fyf[k,a 10- mriknd dksu gksrk gs\ 11- vkffkzd lel;k D;ksa mriuu gksrh gs\ rhu vad okys iz'u 1- ^lsok/kjh* rfkk ^lsok iznkrk* 'kcnksa dh O;k[;k dhft, rfkk izr;sd dk,d&,d mnkgj.k Hkh nhft,a 2- orzeku le; esa lkaf[;dh ds {ks=k dks le>kb,a 3- vfkz'kkl=k esa lkaf[;dh ds egro dh O;k[;k dhft,a 4- ^ek=kkred* rfkk ^xq.kkred* vk dm+ksa esa varj crkb, rfkk izr;sd dk,d&,d mnkgj.k Hkh fyf[k,a 5- mriknu] mihkksx o forj.k vkffkzd fø;k,a gsa] o.kzu dhft,a 6- vki vfkz'kkl=k dk vè;;u D;ksa djuk pkgrs gsa\ dkj.k crkb,a 7- fueufyf[kr esa dksu&lh fø;k vkffkzd fø;k gs\ dkj.k Hkh fyf[k,a d) unh ds fdukjs ls jsr dks 'kgj rd igqapkuka [k) 'kknh ds lekjksg esa 'kkfey gksuka 11 Economics (Hindi) XI

12 x) ekrk&firk dk muds cppksa dks I;kj djuka 8- fueufyf[kr esa vukffkzd fø;k dks igpkfu, rfkk dkj.k Hkh fyf[k,a d) lekpkj i=kksa dh NikbZ djus ds fy, NikbZ e'khu dk mriknua [k) gkflivy esa MkWDVj dh lsoka x) fu%'kqyd fpfdrlk dsuæ dh LFkkiuk 9- lakf[;dh dh dksbz rhu lhek;sa fyf[k;sa\,d vad okys iz'uksa ds mùkj 1- vfkz'kkl=k,sls fo"k; dk vè;;u gs ftlesa euq"; o lekt osdfyid mi;ksx okys lhfer lalk/uksa ls pquko }kjk viuh vlhfer vko';drkvksa dh larqf"v djrs gsaa 2- nqyzhkrk ls vfhkizk; gs] olrqvksa rfkk lalk/uksa dk mudh ekax dh rqyuk esa vhkkoa 3- cgqopu esa lkaf[;dh ls rkri;z ^^O;ofLFkr :i ls lax`ghr la[;kred rf;ksa ls gsa** 4-,dopu esa lkaf[;dh ls vfhkizk; lkaf[;dh; fof/;ks a ls gs tsls vk dm+ksa dk ladyu] laxbu] izlrqrhdj.k] fo'ys"k.k o fuozpua 5- lkaf[;dh dsoy ek=kkred rf;ksa dk vè;;u djrh gsa 6- os fø;k,a tks ekuoh; vko';drkvksa dh larqf"v ds fy, nqyzhk lalk/uksa ds iz;ksx ls lacaf/r gsa vkffkzd fø;k,a dgykrh gsa 7- vukffkzd fø;k,a os fø;k,a gksrh gsa ftudk dksbz vkffkzd igyw ugha gksrk gs vfkkzr~ /u dekus ls budk dksbz laca/ ugha gksrk gsa 8- lkaf[;dh vk dm+ksa dks laxfbr :i esa izlrqr djrh gsa 9- mihkksdrk og vkffkzd,ts av gksrk gs tks olrqvksa o lsokvksa dk Ø; vko';drkvksa dh larqf"v ds fy, djrk gsa 10- O;fDr ;k lalfkk tks olrq o lsokvksa dk mriknu@fcøh /u dekus ds fy, djrk gsa mriknd dgykrk gsa 11- vkffkzd lel;k lalk/uks dh nqyzhkrk,oa lhferrk ds dkj.k mriuu gksrh gsa 12 Economics (Hindi) XI

13 ;wfuv&2 vè;k;&2 (v) vk dm+ksa dk ladyu ^vk dm+k*,d,slk lk/u gs tks lwpuk;sa iznku dj lel;k dks le>us esa lgk;d gksrk gsa vr% vk dm+ksa ds laxzg dk mn~s'; fdlh lel;k ds Li"V,oa Bksl lek/ku ds fy;s lk{; dks tqvkuk gsa blfy;s &lkaf[;dh; vuqla/ku ds fy, vk dm+ksa dk ladyu lcls izfke,oa izeq[k dk;z gsa vk dm+ks a ds Ïksr izkfkfed Ïksr f}rh;d Ïksr 1- izdkf'kr Ïksr 2- vizdkf'kr Ïksr izkfkfed vk dm+s %& vuqla/ku dhs fø;k esa ewy:i esa,d=k fd;s x;s vk dm+s izkfkfed vk dm+s dgykrs gsa ;s vk dm+s vuqla/kudùkkz }kjk Lo;a ;k mlds }kjk fu;qdr izx.kdksa }kjk,d=k fd;s tkrs gsa izkfkfed vk dm+ks a ds ladyu dh fof/;ka vk dm+k&laxzg dh rhu vk/kjhkwr fof/;k gsa (d) os;fdrd lk{kkrdkj ([k) Mkd }kjk losz{k.k (iz'ukoyh Hkstuk) (x) VsyhiQksu lk{kkrdkj 13 Economics (Hindi) XI

14 f}rh;d vk dm+s %& ;s vk dm+s fdlh nwljs mn~ns'; ds fy;s fdlh vu; lalfkk }kjk laxzfgr rfkk la'kksf/r fd;s gq;s gkssrs gsa f}rh;d vk dm+ks a ds Ïksr izdkf'kr Ïksr vizdkf'kr Ïksr vu; Ïksr 1- ljdkjh izdk'ku dqn vk dm+s vizdkf'kr osclkbv 2- v/z'kkldh; izdk'ku :i esa dk;kzy;ksa dh 3-desVh vksj vk;ksxksa ds izdk'ku iqkbyksa o fjdkmz esa 4- futh izdk'ku tsls& miyc/ gksrs gsa & nsfud vksj lekpkj i=k vko';drk im+us ij & vuqla/ku lalfkku bugsa Hkh iz;ksx esa & O;kikfjd lalfkku yk;k tk ldrk gsa 5- varjkz"vªh; izdk'ku iz'ukoyh dks rs;kj djrs le; è;ku esa j[kus ;ksx; izeq[k fcanq d) vuos"kd dk ifjp; rfkk vuos"k.k ds mn~ns'; dk fooj.ka [k) iz'uksa dh mi;qdr la[;ka x) iz'u NksVs o Li"V gksus pkfg,a?k) iz'uksa dk Øe rdzlaxr gksuk pkfg,a Ä) lwpdksa ds fy, fuf'pr funsz'ka p) iz'uksa ds mùkj ds fy, mfpr LFkkuA N) vuqla/ku ls gh lacaf/r iz'ua t) O;fDrxr iz'u ugha iwnus pkfg,a >) x.kuk okys iz'uksa dh vogsyuka izk;ksfxd losz{k.k % iz'ukoyh rs;kj djus ds mijkur dqn lwpdksa ij igys gh ijh{k.k dj ysuk pkfg;s rkfd deh gksus ij iz'ukoyh esa vko';drkuqlkj la'kks/u o ifjorzu fd;k tk ldsa izfrn'kz dh fof/;ka nso izfrn'kz ;k vnso izfrn'kz ;k ;kn`fpnd izfrn'kz v;kn`fpnd izfrn'kza d) ljy ;k fuckz/ nso izfrn'kz d) lfopkj izfrn'kz [k) izfrc¼ nson'kz [k) dksvk izfrn'kz 14 Economics (Hindi) XI

15 & Lrfjr izfrn'kz & O;ofLFkr izfrn'kz & lewg izfrn'kz x) lqfo/kuqlkj izfrn'kz lax.kuk losz{k.k % vuos"k.k dh bl fof/ esa lexz dh izr;sd bdkbz dks lfeefyr fd;k tkrk gsa izfrn'kz losz{k.k % vuos"k.k dh bl fof/ esa lexz dh dqn izfrfuf/ bdkb;ksa dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gsa tula[;k ;k lexz % lkaf[;dh esa fdlh fo"k; ls lacaf/r lhkh enksa ds ml lewg dks tula[;k ;k lexz dgk tkrk gs ftlds fo"k; esa tkudkjh izkir djuh gksrh gsa izfrn'kz % vk dm+ksa dk,slk NksVk lewg tks fdlh lexz dk izfrfuf/ro djrk gs rfkk fu"d"kz mlh ds vk/kj ij fudkys tkrs gsaa izfrp;u =kqfv;k % izfrp;u =kqfv;k izfrn'kz vkadyu rfkk lef"v fo'ks"k ds oklrfod ewy; ds chp dk varj izdv djrh gsa vizfrp;u =kqfv;k % ;s =kqfv;k tux.kuk fof/ o (;k) izfrn'kz fof/ }kjk ladfyr vk dm+ksa esa ik;h tk ldrh gsaa izfrp;u =kqfv;k vizfrp;u =kqfv;k 1- i{kikr iw.kz =kqfv;k 1- vkadm+k vtzu esa =kqfv;k 2- vi{kikr iw.kz =kqfv;k 2- vuqùkj laca/h =kqfv;k 3- ekiu =kqfv;k Hkkjrh; tux.kuk rfkk jk"vªh; izfrn'kz losz{k.k laxbu CENSUS OF INDIA AND NSSO Hkkjrh; tu.kxuk ns'k dh tu lkaf[;dh; flfkfr ls lacaf/r iw.kz tkudkjh iznku djrh gsa jk"vªh; izfrn'kz losz{k.k laxbu dh LFkkiuk Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk lkekftd&vkffkzd eqn~nksa ij (tsls jkstxkj] f'k{kk] ekr`ro f'k'kq ns[khkky] lkoztfud forj.k fohkkx dk mi;ksx vkfn) jk"vªh; Lrj ds losz{k.k ds fy, dh xbz gsa NSSO }kjk lax`fgr vk dm+s le; ij fofhkuu fjiksvks±,oa bldh =ksekfld if=kdk ^^losz{k.k** esa izdkf'kr fd, tkrs gsaa 15 Economics (Hindi) XI

16 ,d vad okys iz'u 1- izkfkfed vk dm+ksa ls vki D;k le>rs gks\ 2- f}rh;d vk dm+ksa dk vfkz crkb,a 3- lkaf[;dh esa ^tula[;k* ls D;k rkri;z gs\ 4- ^izfrn'kz* ls D;k vfhkizk; gs\ 5- izfrn'kz =kqfv;k fdugsa dgrs gsa\ 6- vizfrn'kz =kqfv;k D;k gksrh gsa\ 7- ml lkaf[;dh; fof/ dk uke fy[kks tks de [kphzyh gks rfkk ftlesa le; dh Hkh cpr gksa 8- eku yhft,,d d{kk esa 10 fofkkfkhz gsaa muesa ls dsoy rhu dk pquko djuk gsa crkb, blds fy, fdrus izfrn'kz cuk, tk ldrs gsaa 9- NSSO dk iwjk uke fyf[k,a 10- vizfrn'kz =kqfv;k D;ksa gksrh gsa vad okys iz'u 1- izkfkfed rfkk f}rh;d vk dm+ksa esa varj Li"V dhft,a 2- tux.kuk fof/ dh pkj fo'ks"krk,a fyf[k,a 3- izfrn'kz fof/ dh rhu dfe;ka crkb,a 4- izfrn'kz =kqfv;k rfkk vizfrn'kz =kqfv;ksa esa varj fyf[k,a 5- tux.kuk fof/ ls D;k rkri;z gs\ fdu flfkfr;ksa esa bl fof/ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gs\ 6- ;kn`fpnd izfrn'kz D;k gksrk gs le>kb,a 7- ^lexz* rfkk ^izfrn'kz* dh ifjhkk"kk fyf[k, rfkk mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb,a 8- Hkkjr dh tux.kuk f}rh;d vk dm+ksa dk eq[; Ïksr gsa o.kzu dhft,a 9- izk;ksfxd losz{k.k fdls dgrs gsa\ bldh fo'ks"krk,a fyf[k,a 16 Economics (Hindi) XI

17 N% vad okys iz'u 1- iz'ukoyh ls vki D;k le>rs gks\,d vpnh iz'ukoyh dh fo'ks"krk,a fyf[k,a 2- vk dm+s ladyu dh ^tux.kuk fof/* rfkk ^izfrn'kz fof/* esa varj Li"V dhft,a 3- jk"vªh; izfrn'kz losz{k.k laxbu D;k gs\ blds D;k&D;k dk;z gsa\ fyf[k,a 4- fo'oluh;rk] le; vksj ykxr ds lanhkz esa tux.kuk rfkk izfrn'kz fof/;ksa dh rqyuk dhft,a 5- lk{kkrdkj fof/ rfkk Mkd iz'ukoyh fof/ }kjk izkfkfed vk dm+s,d=k djds xq.k o nks"k fyf[k,a 6- D;k losz{k.kksa dh vis{kk izfrn'kz csgrj ifj.kke nsrs gs\ vius mùkj dh dkj.k lfgr O;k[;k djsa\,d vad okys iz'uksa ds mùkj 1- izkfkfed vk dm+s os eksfyd vk dm+s gksrs gsa ftugs a vuqla/kudrkz ;k mlds }kjk fu;qdr izx.kd Lo;a,d=k djrs gsaa 2- os vk dm+s ftugs a vuqla/kudrkz fdlh vu; lalfkk }kjk igys ls,df=kr fd, x, vk dm+ksa ls izkir djrk gs] f}rh;d vk dm+s dgykrs gsaa 3- lkaf[;dh esa fdlh fo"k; ls lacaf/r lhkh enksa ds ml lewg dks tula[;k ;k lexz dgk tkrk gs ftlds fo"k; esa tkudkjh izkir djuh gksrh gsa 4- izfrn'kz vk dm+ksa dk,slk NksVk lewg gs tks fdlh lexz dk izfrfuf/ro djrk gs rfkk fu"d"kz mlh ds vk/kj ij fudkys tkrs gsaa 5- izfrn'kz =kqfv;k ] izfrn'kz vkadyu rfkk lef"v fo'ks"k ds oklrfod ewy; ds chp dk varj izdv djrh gsa 6- vizfrn'kz =kqfv;k os =kqfv;k gs a tks tux.kuk fof/ rfkk (;k) izfrn'kz fof/ }kjk ladfyr vk dm+ksa esa ik;h tkrh gsa tsls ekiu laca/h =kqfv;k A 7- izfrn'kz losz{k.k 8-10 fo kffkz;ksa esa ls dsoy 3 fo kffkz;ksa dk pquko nso izfrn'kz fof/ }kjk tsls nso la[;k lkj.kh ;k ykvjh fof/ ls dj ldrs gsaa izfrn'kz dh dqy la[;k 120 gksxha 9- NSSO dk iwjk uke jk"vªh; izfrn'kz losz{k.k laxbu gsa 10- vizfrn'kz =kqfv;ka vk dm+ks ds vtzu ds nksjku isnk gks ldrh gs] tks mùkj u nsus ds dkj.k ;k p;u esa iwokzxzg ds dkj.k gks tkrh gsa 17 Economics (Hindi) XI

18 Lej.kh; fcanq % ;wfuv&2 vè;k;&3 vk dm+ksa dk laxbu vifj"ñr vkadm+ks dks ljy laf{kir rfkk O;ofLFkr <ax ls izlrqr djus dks vakdm+ks dk O;fLFkfrdj.k dgk tkrk gs rkfd mugs a vklkuh ls vkxs ds lka[;dh; fo'ys"k.k ds ;ksx; cuk;k tk ldsa,df=kr vk dm+ksa dks mudh lekukrk rfkk vlekurkvksa ds vk/kj ij fohkuu oxks± o lewgksa esa fohkkftr djuk oxhzdj.k dgykrk gsa oxhzdj.k dh fo'ks"krk,a Li"Vrk O;kidrk ltkrh;rk vuqdwyrk ykspnkj flfkjrk pj ls vfhkizk; fdlh rf; dh og fo'ks"krk gs ftlesa ifjorzu gksrs jgrs gsa rfkk ftugs fdlh bdkbz }kjk ekik tk ldrk gsa oxhzdj.k dk vk/kj vifj"ñr vk dm+ks dks fueu izdkj ls oxhzñr fd;k tk ldrk gsa 1- dkykuqøfed oxhzdj.k %& bl izdkj ds oxhzdj.k eas vk dm+ks dkss le; ds lanhkz tsls & o"kz] frekgh] ekfld ;k lkirkfgd vkfn ds :i esa vkjksgh ;k vojksgh Øe esa oxhzñr fd;k tk ldrk gsa 2- LFkkfud oxhzdj.k %& blds vurxzr vkadm+ks dk oxhzdj.k HkkSxksfyd flfkfr;ksa tsls fd ns'k] jkt;] 'kgj] ftyk] dlck vkfn ds lanhkkzuqlkj gksrk gsa 3- xq.kkred oxhzdj.k %& xq.kkred ;k o.kzukred fo'ks"krkvksa ds vk/kj ij fd;s x;s oxhzdj.k 18 Economics (Hindi) XI

19 dks xq.kkred oxhzdj.k dgk tkrk gs ;s fo'ks"krk;sa gs tsls jk"vªh;rk] lk{kjrk] fyax] osokfgd flfkfr vkfna 4- ek=kkred oxhzdj.k %& tc fo'ks"krkvksa dh izñfr ek=kkred gksrh gs tsls ÅapkbZ] Hkkj] vk;q] vk;] Nk=kksa ds vada vr% bl vk/kj ij fd;s x;s oxhzdj.k dks ek=kkred oxhzdj.k dgk tkrk gsa vuqla/kudrkz }kjk vius mn~ns'; dh iwfrz ds fy;s,d=k fd;s x;s vkadm+ s 'kq¼ vkadm+s dgykrs gsa ;s vo;oflfkr :i esa gksrs gsa pj vyx&vyx izdkj ls ifjofrzr gksrs gsa vksj ifjorzu ds vk/kj ij mugs a lkeku;r% nks oxksz esa oxhzñr fd;k tkrk gsa (d) larr ([k) fofodr lrr pj os pj gsa tks ekin.mksa dh bdkb;ksa esa gksrs gs vksj vius oxksz esa fohkdr fd;s tk ldrs bugsa fhkuukred :i esa fy[kk tk ldrk gsa fofoer pj dsoy fuf'pr eku okys gks ldrs gsa blds eku dsoy ifjfer ^mnky* ls cnyrs gs aa ;g mnky,d eku ls nwljs eku ds chp gksrs gsa] ijurq blds chp esa dksbz eku ugha vkrk gsa ckjackjrk forj.k vifj"ñr vk dm+ks dks,d ek=kkred pj esa oxhzñr djus dk,d lkeku; rjhdk gsa ;g fn[kkrk gs fdlh pj ds fhkuu eku fofhkuu oxksz esa] vius vuq:i oxksz dh ckjackjrkvksa ds lkfk dsls forfjr fd;s tkrs gsaa oxz eè; fcunq fdlh oxz dk eè;eku gsa ;g oxz dh fueu oxz lhek rfkk mpp oxz lhek ds chp esa gksrk gsa bls fueufyf[kr rjhds ls Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gs oxz eè; fcunq % mpp oxz lhek $ fueu oxz lhek@2a viothz fof/ ds }kjk] oxksz dk xbu bl izdkj fd;k tkrk gs fd,d oxz dh mpp lhek] vxys oxz dh fueu oxz lhek ds cjkcj gksrh gsa lekos'kh Ja`[kyk og Ja`[kyk gs ftlesa fdlh oxz dh lhkh vko`fùk;ka 'kkfey gksrh gs vfkkzr,d oxz dh Åijh lhek dk ewy; Hkh mlh oxz esa 'kkfey gksrk gsa ckjackjrk forj.k ds :i esa vkadm+ks ds oxhzdj.k esa,d varfuzfgr nks"k ik;k tkrk gsa ;g ifj"ñr vk dm+ks dks lkjka'k esa izlrqr dj mugs a laf{kir,oa cks/xe; rks cukrk gs ijurq blesa os folr`r fooj.k ugha izdv gks ikrs tks vifj"ñr vk dm+ks esa ik;s tkrs gsa vr% vifj"ñr 19 Economics (Hindi) XI

20 vk dm+ks dks oxhzñr djus esa lwpuk dh gkfu gksrh gsa vifj"ñr vk dm+ks dk oxhzdj.k Ja`[kykvksa ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gsa J`[kyk;as fueufyf[kr nks izdkj dh gsa tks fd fueu izdkj ls Li"V gs %& Ja`[kyk ds izdkj O;fDrxr Ja`[kyk vko`fùk J`a[kyk fofodr vko`fr forj.k ;k J`a[kyk ;k [kf.mr lrr Ja`[kyk Js.kh ;k vfofnuu J`a[kyk ;k v[kf.mr Js.kh O;fDrxr J`a[kyk og Ja`[kyk gs ftlesa izr;sd bdkbz dk vyx&vyx eki izdv fd;k tkrk gsa fueu mnkgj.k bl izdkj dh Js.kh ls lecfu/r gs %& etnwjks dh Øe la[;k nsfud etnwjh fofoer ;k [kf.mr og J`a[kyk gs ftlesa vk dm+ks dks bl izdkj izlrqr fd;k tkrk gs fd izr;sd en dk fuf'pr eki Li"V gks tkrk gs fn;k x;k mnkgj.k fofodr Ja`[kyk lkj.kh dks iznf'kzr djrk gsa ifjokj dk vkdkj ifjokjksa dh la[;k lrr~ ;k vfofpnuu J`a[kyk og J`a[kyk gs ftlesa bdkb;ksa dk fuf'pr eki lahko ugha gksrk 20 Economics (Hindi) XI

21 blfy;s mugs a oxz lhekvksa eas izdv fd;k tkrk gs tks fd fueu mnkgj.k ls Li"V gsa vad vko`fùk 10& & & & & & Economics (Hindi) XI

22 ,d vad okys iz'u 1- vk dm+ksa ds O;ofLFkfrdj.k ls D;k vfhkiz;k gs\ 2- oxhzdj.k dk vfkz Li"V dhft,a 3- vk dm+ksa dh ltkrh;rk ls D;k vfhkizk; gs\ 4- xq.kkred oxhzdj.k dk vfkz Li"V dhft,a 5- 'kq¼ vk dm+ksa dks ifjhkkf"kr dhft,a 6- fofodr ;k [kf.mr J`a[kyk dks ifjhkkf"kr dhft,a 7- viothz J`a[kyk ls D;k vfhkizk; gs\ 8-,d oxz dh mqijh lhek dk ewy; Hkh ;fn mlh oxz esa 'kkfey fd;k tk, rks,slh J`a[kyk dks fdl uke ls tkuk tkrk gs\ 9- vko`fùk ls D;k vfhkizk; gs\ 10- oxz folrkj ;k oxkzurj dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,a vad okys iz'u 1- vk dm+ksa ds oxhzdj.k ds izeq[k mn~ns'; fyf[k, 2- vkn'kz oxhzdj.k dh izeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa dk myys[k dhft,a 3- [kf.mr rfkk v[kf.mr pjksa dks mnkgj.k dh lgk;rk ls ifjhkkf"kr dhft,a 4- oxhzdj.k ds dksbz rhu egro fyf[k,a 5- fueufyf[kr leadksa ls,d vko`fùk forj.k cukb,a vlfeefyr jhfr dk iz;ksx djrs gq, igyk oxz 100&110 fyf[k,a fueu leadksa esa 4 dk oxkzurj ysdj vko`fùk forj.k cukb,a forj.k cukrs le; lekos'kh jhfr dk iz;ksx dhft,a Economics (Hindi) XI

23 vad okys iz'u 1- oxhzñr vk dm+ks esa ^lwpuk dh {kfr* dk D;k vfkz gs\ 2- D;k vki bl ckr ls lger gsa fd vifj"ñr vk dm+ks dh vis{kk oxhzñr vk dm+s csgrj gksrs gsa\ 3- vk dm+ks ds oxhzdj.k ds izdkjksa dh O;k[;k dhft;s\,d vad okys iz'uksa ds mùkj 1- vk dm+ksa dks ljy] laf{kir rfkk O;ofLFkr <ax ls izlrqr djus dh fof/;ksa dks vk dm+ksa dk O;ofLFkrhdj.k dgk tkrk gsa 2-,df=kr vk dm+ksa dks mudh lekurk] fo'ks"krkvksa o vlekurkvksa ds vk/kj ij fofhkuu oxks± o lewgksa esa fohkkftr djuk oxhzdj.k dgykrk gsa 3- fdlh oxz dh lhkh bdkb;ksa esa xq.k ds vk/kj ij lekurk vk dm+ksa dh ltkrh;rk dgykrh gsa 4- vk dm+ksa dk oxhzdj.k tc muds xq.kksa] fo'ks"krkvksa vfkok izd`fr ds vuqlkj fd;k tkrk gs rks bls xq.kkred oxhzdj.k dgk tkrk gsa 5- vuqla/kudrkz }kjk vius mn~ns'; dh iwfrz ds fy,,d=k fd, x, vk dm+s 'kq¼ vk dm+s gksrs gsaa ;s vo;oflfkr :i esa gksrs gsaa 6- izr;sd en ds fuf'pr eki dks Li"V :i ls izlrqr djus okyh Ja[kyk fofodr Ja`[krk dgykrh gsa 7- og J`a[yk ftlesa,d oxz dh mqijh lhek nwljs oxz dh fupyh lhek gksrh gs mls viothz J`a[kyk dgk tkrk gsa 8- lekos'kh J`a[kykA 9- en dh vko`fùk ls vfhkizk; lewg esa en dh iqujko`fùk dh la[;k ls gsa 10- fdlh oxz dh mppre rfkk fueure lhek ds vurj dks oxz folrkj ;k oxz vurjky dgk tkrk gsa 23 Economics (Hindi) XI

24 ;wfuv&2 vè;k;&4 vk dm+ks dk izlrqfrdj.k Lej.kh; fcanq % vk dm+ks ds izlrqfrdj.k ls vfhkizk; gs vk dm+ks dks Li"V rfkk O;ofLFkr :i ls ml izdkj izlrqr fd;k tk, fd mls ljyrk iwozd le>k tk lds rfkk muls mfpr ifj.kke fudky ldsa izlrqfrdj.k ds izdkj ikb~; vfkok o.kzukred lkj.kh; izlrqfrdj.k fp=ke; izlrqfrdj.k izlrqfrdj.k lkj.kh;u %& ;g vkadm+ksa ds izlrqfrdj.k dh og fof/ gs ftlesa vkadm+ksa dks LrEHkksa rfkk iafdr;ksa ds :i esa izlrqr fd;k tkrk gsa,d lkj.kh ds izeq[k Hkkx lkj.kh la[;k 'kh"kzd mi'kh"kzd iafdr dysoj ;k fvii.kh L=kksr 'kh"kzd {ks=k,d vpnh lkj.kh dh fo'ks"krk,a 1- vuqdqy 'kh"kzd 24 Economics (Hindi) XI

25 2- rqyuk esa lgk;d 3- vkn'kz vkdkj 4- iafdr 'kh"kzd 5- enksa dh O;oLFkk 6- izfr'kr rfkk vuqikr 7- ljyrk 8- lesdks ds L=kksr lkj.kh ds izdkj mn~ s';kuqlkj eksfydrkuqlkj cukov ds vuqlkj fp=kh; izlrqfrdj.k ds izdkj T;kferh; :i vko`fùk fp=k & js[kh; xzkiq & o`ùkh; vkjs[k ljy & vk;r fp=k vfkok & n.m vkys[k cgqxq.kh & cgqhkqt & dkfyd Ja`[kyk xzkiq mifohkkftr izfr'kr & vk;r oø & vkstkbo (rksj.k) mifohkkftr n.m vkys[k %&,slk n.m vkjs[k gs tks fdlh rf; ds dqy ewy; rfkk mifohkktu dks izlrqr djrk gsa o`ùkh; vkjs[k %& bls dks.kh; fp=k Hkh dgk x;k gsa ;g,slk fp=k gs ftlesa o`ùk dks fofhkuu Hkkxksa esa vk dm+ksa ds izfr'kr] lkis{k o dks.kh; ewy;ksa ds vk/kj ij ck Vk tkrk gsa vk;r fp=k %& enksa rfkk mudh vko`fùk;ksa dks vk;r ds :i esa izn`f'kr djds cuk;k x;k fp=k vk;r fp=k dgykrk gsa bls dsoy lrr~ J` a[kyk ds vk dm+ks dks iznf'kzr djus gsrq mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa vko`fùk cgqhkwt %& vk;r fp=k ds lhkh vk;rksa ds 'kh"kz ds eè;&fcunqvksa dks ljy js[kk }kjk feykdj cuk;k x;k oø cgqhkwt dgykrk gsa vko`fùk oø %& ;g vko`fùk cgqhkwt oø dk og ljyre :i gs ftls vk;rfp=k ds lhkh vk;rksa ds 'kh"kz ds eè; fcunqvksa dh eqdr glr jhfr }kjk js[kk [khapdj cuk;k tkrk gsa vkstkbo ;k rksj.k %& ;g oø lap;h vko`fùk;ksa (ls de] ls vf/d) dks vafdr djds cuk;k tkrk gsa 25 Economics (Hindi) XI

26 ,d vad okys iz'u 1- lkj.kh;u ls D;k vfhkizk; gsa 2- lkj.kh ds varxzr {ks=k ;k dysoj ls D;k vfhkizk; gs\ 3- cgqxq.kh lkj.kh ls D;k vfhkizk; gs\ 4- n.m vkjs[k ls D;k vfhkizk; gs\ 5- mifohkkftr n.m vkjs[k ;k varfozhkdr n.m vkjs[k dsk ifjhkkf"kr dhft,a 6- o`ùkh; vkjs[k dks ifjhkkf"kr dhft,a 7- vk;r fp=k ls D;k vfhkizk; gs\ 8- vko`fùk oø fdls dgk tkrk gs\ 9- vk;r fp=k ds eè; fcunqvksa dks ljy js[kk }kjk feykdj cuk, x, fp=k dks fdl uke ls tkuk tkrk gs\ 10- vkstkbo (rksj.k) oø dks ifjhkkf"kr dhft,a 11- Ñf=ke vk/kj js[kk dk iz;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gs\ vad okys iz'u 1- vkn'kz lkj.kh dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a fyf[k,a 2- lkj.kh;u izlrqrhdj.k ds izeq[k fyf[k,a 3- o`ùkh; vkjs[k ls D;k vfhkizk; gs blds fuekz.k dh jpuk fof/ fyf[k,a 4- lkj.kh;u o fp=ke; izn'kzu ds chp dksbz rhu varj fyf[k,a 5- fueufyf[kr vk dm+ksa dks cgqxq.kh n.m vkjs[k }kjk izlrqr dhft,& o"kz izfke Js.kh f}rh; Js.kh ikl fueufyf[kr vk dm+ksa ds vk/kj ij,d ifjokj ds mihkksx O;; dks o`ùkh; fp=k dh lgk;rk ls izlrqr dhft,a ensa O;; (#i;ksa esa) ol=k Economics (Hindi) XI

27 Hkkstu 2400 f'k{kk 1000 fctyh 1500 vu; fueufyf[kr vk dm+ksa dh lgk;rk ls vk;r fp=k cukb,a vad fo kffkz;ksa dh la[;k 30& & & & & & & & fo ky; fuekz.k ykxr ds vk dm+ksa dks o`ùkh; vkjs[k }kjk izlrqr dhft,a ensa izfr'kr O;; etnwjh 15 b±vsa 20 ydm+h 5 jax jksxu 10 blikr 25 lhesav 12 fujh{k.k 7 vu; 6 5@6 vad okys iz'u 1- vkn'kz lkj.kh ds izeq[k Hkkxksa dh O;k[;k dhft,a 2- vkn'kz lkj.kh dk fuekz.k djrs le; j[kh tkus okyh izeq[k lko/kfu;ksa dk myys[k dhft,a 3- fueufyf[kr vk dm+ksa dh lgk;rk ls ^ls de* rfkk ^ls vf/d* vkstkbo (rksj.k) oø cukb,a vad Nk=kksa dh la[;k 0& & Economics (Hindi) XI

28 20& & & & & & fueu vk dm+ksa dh lgk;rk ls vk;r fp=k rfkk vko`fùk cgqhkqt cukb,a vad Nk=kksa dh la[;k 30& & & & & & & & Economics (Hindi) XI

29 ,d vad okys iz'uksa ds mùkj 1- ;g ladfyr vk dm+ksa dks izlrqr djus dh,slh fof/ gs ftlesa vk dm+ksa dks LrEHkksa (dkwye) rfkk iafdr;ksa ds :i esa izlrqr fd;k tkrk gsa 2- {ks=k ;k dysoj lkj.kh dk og Hkkx gs ftlesa lhkh lwpuk,a fn[kkbz tkrh gsa 3- vk dm+ks a dh rhu ls vf/d fo'ks"krkvksa dks iznf'kzr djus okyh lkj.kh cgqxq.kh lkj.kh dgykrh gsa 4- n.m vkjs[k,slk oø gs ftlesa vk dm+ksa dks n.m o vk;rksa ds :i esa izlrqr fd;k tkrk gsa 5- mifohkkftr n.m fp=k,slk vkjs[k gs tks fdlh rf; ds dqy ewy; rfkk mifohkktu dks izlrqr djrk gsa 6- bls dks.kh; vkjs[k Hkh dgk tkrk gs ;g,slk oø gs ftlesa o`ùk dks fofhkuu Hkkxksa esa vk dm+ksa ds izfr'kr] lkis{k o dks.kh; ewy;ksa ds vk/kj ij ckavk tkrk gsa 7- vk;r fp=k enksa rfkk mudh vko`fùk;ksa dks vk;r ds :i esa iznf'kzr djds cuk;k tkrk gsa 8- vko`fùk oø vko`fùk cgqhkqt oø dk og ljyre :i gs ftls vk;r fp=k ds lhkh vk;rksa ds 'kh"kz ds eè; fcunqvksa dks eqdr glr jhfr }kjk js[kk [khapdj cuk;k tkrk gsa 9- vko`fùk cgqhkqt 10- vkstkbo oø lap;h vko`fùk;ksa (ls de] ls vf/d) dks vafdr djds cuk;k tkrk gsa 11- 'kwu; rfkk pj ds U;wure ewy; esa ;fn cgqr vf/d varj gks rks bl varj dks de djus ds fy, d`f=ke vk/kj js[kk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa 29 Economics (Hindi) XI

30 Lej.kh; fcanq % ;wfuv &3 lkaf[;dh; midj.k vksj fuozpu vè;k;&5 dsuæh; izo`fùk dk eki dsuæh; izo`fùk og,dd la[;kred eku gs tks vk dm+ksa ds iwjs lewg dk izfrfuf/ro djrk gsa fdlh lead Js.kh ds lhkh ewy;ksa ds ;ksx dks mldh la[;k ls Hkkx nsus ls izkir gksus okyh la[;k dks lekurj eè; dgrs gsaa lw=k ds :i esa tc fdlh J`a[kyk ds lhkh enksa dks leku egro fn;k tkrk gs rks mls ljy lekurj ekè; dgrs gsa vksj ;fn J`a[kyk ds fofhkuu enksa dks muds rqyukred egro ds vuqlkj Hkkj fn;k tkrk gs rks mls Hkkfjr ekè; dgrs gsaa fdlh Js.kh dks vkjksgh vfkok vojksgh Øe ls O;oLFkfr djus ij] Js.kh ds eè; esa flfkr ewy; eè;dk dgykrk gsa tc fdlh lead Js.kh dks nks ls vf/d Hkkxksa esa fohkkftr fd;k tkrk gs rks bu ekuksa dks fohkktu ewy; dgrs gsaa X X N og ewy; tks Js.kh dks pkj cjkcj Hkkxksa esa ckavrk gs mls prqfkzd dgrs gsaa Js.kh dks pkj Hkkxksa esa ckavus ij igys prqfkzd dks fueu prqfkzd ;k izfke prqfkzd (Q 1 ) dgrs gsaa blh izdkj rhljs prqfkzd dks mpp prqfkzd ;k r`rh; prqfkzd (Q 3 ) dgrs gsaa og ewy; tks J`a[kyk esa lcls vf/d ckj vkrk gs] mls cgqyd dgrs gsaa vkslrksa ds eq[; mn~ns';,oa dk;z 30 Economics (Hindi) XI

31 i) vk dm+ksa dk laf{kir fooj.k ii) lewgksa dh rqyuk iii) uhfr fu/kzj.k esa lgk;d iv) lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k dk vk/kj v) lewg dk izfrfuf/ ewy; vpns vkslr ds vko';d rro& i) ljy rfkk le>us ;ksx; gksa ii) x.kuk vklkuh ls dh tk ldsa iii) ifjhkk"kk flfkj,oa Li"V gksa iv) Js.kh ds lhkh enksa ij vk/kfjr gksa v) fuf'pr la[;k esa O;Dr gksa vi) izfrn'kz ds ifjorzuksa ls cgqr de izhkkfor gksa vii) chtxf.krh; mi;ksx lahko gksa lekurj ekè; ds xq.k& i) x.kuk es a ljyrk ii) lekurj ekè; dk eku fuf'pr iii) lhkh ewy;ksa ij vk/kfjr iv) chtxf.krh; mi;ksx lahko v) rqyuk dk vk/kj vi) 'kq¼rk dh tkap lahko lekurj ekè; ds nks"k& i) lhekur ewy;ksa dk izhkko ii) lekurj ekè; dk eku Js.kh ls vyx iii) nj] izfr'kr] vuqikr vkfn ds fy, vuqi;qdr iv) xyr fu"d"kz lahko v) xq.kkred fo'ys"k.k esa mi;ksxh ughaa ekè;dk ds xq.k& 31 Economics (Hindi) XI

32 i) dsuæh; izo`fùk dk ljy eki ii) lhekar ewy;ksa ls izhkkfor ugha iii) viw.kz rf;ksa esa Hkh lahko iv) xzkiqh; izn'kzu lahko v) eè;dk dk eku fuf'pr ekè;dk ds nks"k& i) Js.kh ds lhkh ewy;ksa ij vk/kfjr ugha ii) chtxf.krh; mi;ksx lahko ugha iii) vkjksgh vojksgh Øe esa O;ofLFkr djus esa vf/d le; iv) vk dm+ksa ds enksa ds mrkj&p<+ko ls vf/d izhkkfor cgqyd ds xq.k& i) ljy,oa dsunzh; izo`fùk dk yksdfiz; ekid ii) vk;r fp=k dh lgk;rk ls xzkiqh; fu:i.k iii) lhekur ekuksa dk izhkko ugha iv) Js.kh ds lhkh ekuksa dh tkudkjh vko';d ugha v) Js.kh dk lc ls vf/d izfrfuf/ eku cgqyd ds nks"k& i) ;g vfuf'pr rfkk vli"v dsunzh; izo`fùk dk eki gs ii) cht xf.krh; foospu lahko ugha iii) lewghdj.k dh fof/ tfvy iv) Js.kh ds lhkh ekuksa ij vk/kfjr ugha ekè;] eè;dk vksj cgqyd esa laca/& cgqyd ¾ 3 eè;dk & 2 ekè; 32 Economics (Hindi) XI

33 eè;dk Kkr djus dh xzkiqh; fof/& xzkiqh; fof/ ls lap;h vko`fùk oø }kjk eè;dk dks Kkr fd;k tkrk gsa bldh nks fof/;ka gsa& i) ^ls de* vfkok ^ls vf/d* fof/& eè;dk Kkr djus ds fy, vko`fùk dks ^ls de* ;k ^ls vf/d* lap;h forj.k esa cnyk tkrk gsa blds ckn ^ls de* rfkk ls vf/d vkstkbo cukus ds fy, vk dm+ksa dk js[kk fp=kh; izlrqrhdj.k fd;k tkrk gsa J`a[kyk N dh eè;dk la[;k oka en fu/kzfjr djds eè;dk la[;k ls lap;h vko`fùk oø 2 (vkstkbo) ij yac Mkyk tkrk gsa fiqj ml fcunq ls X& v{k ij yec Mkydj eè;dk ewy; Kkr dj fy;k tkrk gsa ii) ^ls de* rfkk ^ls vf/d* fof/& xzkiq isij ij ^ls de* rfkk ^ls vf/d* lap;h vko`fùk oø (vkstkbo) [khaps tkrs gsaa tgka ij ;s nksuksa oø,d nwljs dks dkvrs gsa ml fcunq ls X&v{k ij yec Mkyk tkrk gs ;g yec X&v{k dks ftl LFkku ij feyrk gs ogh eè;dk dk eku gksrk gsa cgqyd dh xzkiqh; fof/ ls x.kuk& nh gqbz J`a[kyk dks vko`fùk vk;r fp=k esa izlrqr fd;k tkrk gs lcls mqapk vk;r cgqyd oxz dks izdv djrk gsa cgqyd oxz okys vk;r ds,d fdukjs dks nwljs vk;r ds fdukjs ls feykrs gsaa blh izdkj cgqyd oxz ds vk;r ds nwljs fdukjs dks mlds lekus okys vk;r ds fdukjs ls feykrs gsaa ;s nksuksa js[kk,a,d nwljs dks ftl fcunq ij dkvrh gsa ogka ls X&v{k ij yec Mkyk tkrk gsa ;g yec ftl fcunq ij X&v{k dks feyrk gs ogh cgqyd gsa lekurj ekè; Kkr djus ds lw=k& Js.kh izr;{k fof/ y?kq fof/ in fopyu fof/ O;fDrxr Js.kh X X N X = A + N d X = A + N d' C [kf.mr Js.kh X = fx N X = A + fd N X = A + fd' N C v[kf.mr Js.kh X = fm N X = A + fm N X = A + fd' N C Hkkfjr ekè; ¾ WX W tgka ij] WX & enksa,oa Hkkjksa dh xq.kk dk ;ksx 33 Economics (Hindi) XI

34 W & Hkkjksa dk ;ksx eè;dk rfkk fohkktu ewy; Kkr djus ds fy, lw=k& eki O;fDrxr [kf.mr v[kf.mr Js.kh Js.kh Js.kh enksa dk enksa dk enksa dk lw=k vkdkj vkdkj vkdkj eè;e N N N 2 l 1 N 2 f Cf C izfke prqfkzd N + 1 Q 1 4 N N 4 l 1 N 4 f Cf C r`rh; prqfkzd N +1 Q 3 N +1 N l N 3 4 f Cf C n'ked N +1 D 1 N +1 N l N 10 f Cf C 'kred N +1 P 1 N +1 N l N 100 f Cf C vf[k.mr Js.kh esa cgqyd Kkr djus dk lw=k& cgqyd ;k f1 f 0 Z = l 1 + C 2f f f tgka ij] l 1 = cgqyd oxz dh fueu lhek f 0 = cgqyd oxz ls mqij okys oxz dh vko`fùk f 1 = cgqyd oxz dh vko`fùk 34 Economics (Hindi) XI

35 ,d vad okys iz'u f 2 = cgqyd oxz ls uhps okys oxz dh vko`fùk c = cgqyd oxz dk oxz vurjky 1- dsuæh; izo`fùk ls D;k vk'k; gs\ 2- lekurj ekè; fdrus izdkj dk gksrk gs\ 3- fdugha nks fohkktu ewy;ksa ds uke crkvksa 4- xf.krh; vkslr dk vfkz crkb;sa 5- cgqyd dks ifjhkkf"kr dhft,a 6- vkb Nk=kksa dk tsc [kpz #- 6] 12] 18] 24] 30] 36] 42 vksj 48 gsa ekè; dh x.kuk djksa 7- Hkkfjr ekè; Kkr djus ds fy, lw=k fyf[k;sa 8- ekè;] eè;dk vksj cgqyd esa D;k laca/ gs\ 9- fdl fohkktu ewy; dk eku vk dm+ksa ds fn;s x;s iwjs lewg dkss pkj cjkcj Hkkxksa esa ckavrk gs\ 10- lkewfgd ekè; dk D;k vfkz gs\ 11-,d twrk cukus okyh deiuh dsoy o;ldksa ds fy, twrs cukrh gs rfkk lcls vf/d pyus okys lkbt dk irk yxkuk pkgrh gsa dsunzh; izo`fùk dk dksu lk eki deiuh ds fy, lcls mi;qdr jgsxk\ 12- xzkiqh; fof/ ls cgqyd Kkr djus ds fy, lkaf[;dh dh fdl xzkiqh; vkd`fr dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gs\ 13- cgqyd dk dksbz,d nks"k crkb;sa 14- ;fn ekè; vksj eè;dk ds eku Øe'k% 40 vksj 48 gksa rks cgqyd dk eku Kkr djksa 15- fueu vk dm+ksa ls cgqyd Kkr djks& 10] 8] 10] 6] 4] 12] 10] 8] 10] 18] 16] 10] 18] 10] lap;h vko`fùk oøksa (vkstkbo) dh lgk;rk ls eè;dk dh x.kuk dsls dh tkrh gs\ 17- flfkfrtu; vkslr D;k gs\ 18- fdlh Js.kh esa ekè; ls fopyuksa dk ;ksx D;k gksrk gs\ 35 Economics (Hindi) XI

36 vad okys iz'u 1- lkaf[;dh; ekè; ds pkj mn~ns'; Li"V djksa 2- fl¼ djks fd xf.krh; ekè; ls pjksa ds ekuksa ds fopyuksa dk ;ksx 'kwu; gksrk gsa 3- eè;dk ds xq.k fy[kksa 4- fueu rkfydk ls eè;dk dk x.kuk djks& x f cgqyd ds rhu xq.k Li"V djksa 6- ekè; ds pkj nks"k crkb;sa mùkj ¾ 30) 7-50 ifjokjksa dh vkslr vk; #- 30]000 gsa buesa ls 12 ifjokjksa dh vkslr vk; #- 18]000 gsa 'ks"k ifjokjksa dh vkslr vk; dh x.kuk djksa (mùkj ) 8-,d vpns vkslr dh fo'ks"krk,s a crkb;sa 9-,d Nk=k ds ikap fo"k;ksa ds izkirkadksa dk ekè; 15 gsa ml Nk=k us vaxzsth esa 8] vfkz'kkl=k esa 12] xf.kr esa 18 rfkk dkeï esa 9 vad izkir fd;sa crkb;s ml Nk=k esa ikapos fo"k; lkaf[;dh esa fdrus vad izkir fd;s\ 10- Hkkfjr ekè; ls D;k vk'k; gs\ bldh x.kuk dsls dh tkrh gs\ 11- rhu lkaf[;dh; vkslrksa ds uke fy[kdj mugs a ifjhkkf"kr dhft,a 12- eè;dk rfkk cgqyd esa nks vurj dkj.k lfgr Li"V dhft,a 13- ekè; ds xq.k] nks"k rfkk fo'ks"krkvksa dh O;k[;k dhft,a 36 Economics (Hindi) XI

37 5 vad okys iz'u 1-,d dkyifud rkfydk dh lgk;rk ls in fopyu fof/ }kjk lekurj ekè; Kkr djus dh fof/ dh O;k[;k djksa 2- dsunzh; izo`fùk dh eki ds mn~ns';,oa dk;ks± dk o.kzu djksa 3- lekurj ekè; dks dsunzh; izo`fùk dk lcls yksdfiz; eki D;ksa ekuk tkrk gs\ 4- cgqyd ls D;k rkri;z gs\ cgqyd Kkr djus dh fof/;ksa dh foospuk djksa 5- eè;dk dh fo'ks"krk,a] xq.k,oa nks"k Li"V djksa 6- jkgqy us fofhkuu espksa esa fueu lkfj.kh ds vuqlkj ju cuk,& ju 5&15 15&25 25&35 35&45 45&55 vko`fùk in fopyu fof/ ls juksa ds lekurj ekè; dh x.kuk djksa 7- fueu rkfydk esa yqir vko`fùk Kkr djks ;fn ekè; dk eku 44-8 gks& x f 5 \ fueu vk dm+ksa dh lgk;rk ls eè;dk Kkr djks& (mùkj ¾ 7) vad 46&50 41&45 36&40 31&35 26&30 21&25 16&20 11&15 Nk=k la[;k (mùkj ¾ 31-7) 9- fueu rkfydk dh lgk;rk ls xzkiqh; fof/ }kjk cgqyd dh x.kuk djksa xf.krh; lw=k dk iz;ksx djds vius mùkj dh iqf"v djks& O;; 0&10 10&20 20&30 30&40 40&50 ikfjokj la[;k xzkiqh; fof/ dk iz;ksx djds fueu vk dm+ksa ls eè;dk Kkr djks& (mùkj ¾ 24) vad 0&10 10&20 20&30 30&40 40&50 50&60 Nk=k la[;k (mùkj ¾ 26-5) 37 Economics (Hindi) XI

38 ,d vad okys iz'uksa ds mùkj 1- dsunzh; izo`fùk og la[;kred eku gs tks vk dm+ksa ds iwjs lewg dk izfrfuf/ro djrk gsa 2- ekè; nks izdkj dk gksrk gs& ljy ekè;,oa Hkkfjr ekè; 3- (d) prqfkzd] ([k) n'ked] (x) 'kred 4- fdlh lead Js.kh ds lhkh ewy;ksa ds ;ksx dks mldh la[;k ls Hkkx nsus ij izkir gksus okyh la[;k dks xf.krh; ekè; dgrs gsaa 5- og ewy; tks J`a[kyk esa lcls vf/d ckj vkrk gs] mls cgqyd dgrs gsaa 6-7- X X X1 X2 X3... Xn N WX W 8- cgqyd = 3 eè;dk & 2 ekè; 9- prqfkzd 10- tc nks ;k nks ls vf/d Jsf.k;ksa dk ekè;,d lkfk Kkr fd;k tkrk gs rks mls lkewfgd ekè; dgrs gsaa 11- cgqyd 12- vk;r fp=k 13- cgqyd dk,d nks"k ;g gs fd bldk chtxf.krh; foospu lahko ugha gsa 14- cgqyd = 3 eè;dk & 2 ekè; = 3 48 & 2 40 = 144&80 = cgqyd = fcunq ij ^ls vf/d* rfkk ^ls de* lap;h vko`fùk oø (vkstkbo),d nwljs dks dkvrs gsa ml fcunq ls x&v{k ij Mkyk x;k yec ekè;dk dk eku crkrk gsa 17- os vkslr ftudk eku fdlh lkaf[;dh; lkfj.kh esa mldh flfkfr ds vuqlkj Kkr fd;k tkrk gsa mls flfkfrtu; vkslr dgrs gsaa 18- 'kwu; 38 Economics (Hindi) XI

39 Lej.kh; fcanq % ;wfuv&3 vè;k;&6 vifdj.k dh eki fdlh Js.kh esa lekarj ekè; ls leadksa ds folrkj ds eki dks vifdj.k dgrs gsaa vifdj.k dh ekis a lead Js.kh ds ewy;ks a ds chp isqyko] fc[kjko] fopj.k'khyrk] fo'oluh;rk o,d:irk dks tkuus o le>us dh n`f"v ls egroiw.kz gksrh gsaa vifdj.k ds fujis{k eki dks fu'fpr bdkb;ksa esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gsa vifdj.k ds lkis{k eki dks vuqikr ;k izfr'kr esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gsa vifdj.k dh eki (i) (ii) (iii) folrkj varj prqfkzd folrkj prqfkzd&fopyu ;k v¼z&vurj prqfkzd folrkj (iv) (v) ekè; fopyu izeki fopyu ykwjsut oø 1- folrkj (Range) fdlh Hkh Js.kh esa lcls cm+s vksj lcls NksVs ewy; ds varj dks folrkj dgrs gsaa lw=k& R = L S tgka R = folrkj (Range) L = lcls cm+k ewy; (Largest Value) S = lcls NksVk ewy; (Smallest Value) 39 Economics (Hindi) XI

40 folrkj xq.kkad ¾ L S L + S 1- varj&prqfkzd folrkj (Inter Quartile Range) varj prqfkzd folrkj r`rh; prqfkzd,oe~ izfke prqfkzd dk varj gksrk gsa vurj prqfkzd folrkj = Q 3 Q 1 = Q 3 = r`rh; prqfkzd (Third Quartile) = Q 1 = izfke prqfkzd (First Quartile) 3- prqfkzd fopyu ;k v¼z&vurj prqfkzd folrkj (Quartile Deviation or Semi Inter Quartile Range) fdlh Js.kh ds r`rh; prqfkzd,oe~ izfke prqfkzd ds vurj ds vk/s dks prqfkzd fopyu vfkok v¼z&vurj prqfkzd folrkj dgrs gsaa Q Q 3 1 prqfkzd fopyu Q.D. = 2 Q.D. = prqfkzd fopyu (Quartile Deviation) Q 3 = r`rh; prqfkzd (Third Quartile) Q 1 = izfke prqfkzd (First Quartile) prqfkzd&fopyu dk xq.kkad = Q Q Q Q ekè; fopyu (Mean Deviation) ekè; fopyu Js.kh ds fdlh ekè; (tsls& ekè;] eè;dk ;k Hkwf;"Bd) ls Kkr fd, x, fofhkuu ewy;ksa dk lekurj ekè; gsa fo'ks"kr;k bls eè;dk ls Kkr fd;k tkrk gsa ekè; fopyu ds x.kuk lw=k& O;fDrxr Js.kh [f.mr Js.kh v[kf.mr Js.kh M.D. = D N M.D. = f D N M.D. = f D N 40 Economics (Hindi) XI

41 tgka] M.D. = ekè; fopyu (Mean Deviation) D = +,oe~ & fpugksa dks è;ku esa u j[krs ekè; ;k ekfè;dk ls fopyu N = enksa dh la[;k (No. of Items) f = vko`fùk;ksa dh la[;k ekè; & fopyu xq.kkad (Co efficient of M.D.) = M.D. X or M or Z izeki&fopyu (Standard Deviation) vifdj.k dks ekius ds fy, izeki fopyu dk lcls vf/d iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa fdlh Js.kh ds lekurj ekè; ls Kkr fd, x, muds fofhkuu ewy;ksa ds fopyu ds oxks± ds ekè; dk oxzewy izeki fopyu dgykrk gsa O;fDrxr Js.kh esa izeki fopyu dh x.kuk % izr;{k fof/;k oklrfod lekarj ekè; fof/ = 2 N tgka] = izeki fopyu (StandardDeviation) x 2 = fopyuksa dk oxz (Square of Deviation taken from mean) N = enksa dh la[;k (No. of Items) y?kq fof/ (Short method) 2 dx N dx N 2 tgka] dx 2 = dkyifud ekè; ls fy, x;s fopyuksa dk oxz [kf.mr Js.kh esa izeki fopyu dh x.kuk izr;{k fof/ (Direct Method) = f 2 N 41 Economics (Hindi) XI

42 tgka] = izeki fopkyu (StandardDeviation) fx 2 = fopyuksa ds oxks± dks lacaf/r vko`fùk ls xq.kk djds izkir ;ksx N = enksa dh la[;k (No. of Items) y?kq fof/ (Short method) = fd2 N fd N 2 in fopyu fof/% fd'2 N fd' N = c 2 v[kf.mr Js.kh esa izeki fopyu dh x.kuk izr;{k fof/ % = f 2 N y?kq fof/ % = fd2 N fd N 2 in fopyu fof/ fd'2 N fd' N = c 2 fopj.k xq.kkad (Co efficient of Variation) nks ;k nks ls vf/d Jsf.k;ksa esa rqyukred vè;;u ds fy, fopj.k dk xq.kkad Kkr fd;k tkrk gsa fopj.k xq.kkad] izeki fopyu rfkk lekarj ekè; ds chp laca/ dks izfr'kr ds :i esa O;Dr djrk gsa C.V. = 100 x C.V. = fopyu dk xq.kkad = izeki fopyu X = lekurj ekè; 42 Economics (Hindi) XI

43 ykwjsat oø (Lorenz Curve) MkW- ykwjsat }kjk lozizfke iz;ksx esa yk;h x;h vifdj.k dks iznf'kzr djus dh,d xzkiqh; fof/ gsa ykwjsat oø leku forj.k js[kk ls ftruh vf/d nwjh ij gksxk] forj.k esa mruh gh vf/d vlekurk gksxh] blds foijhr oø leku forj.k js[kk ds ftruk ikl esa gksxk] forj.k esa mruh gh de vlekurk gksxha ;g oø,d lap;h izfr'kr oø (Cumulative Percentage Curve) gsa 43 Economics (Hindi) XI

44 ,d vad okys iz'u 1- vurj&prqfkzd folrkj D;k gs\ 2- fopj.k xq.kkad Kkr djus dk lw=k D;k gs\ 3- ykwjsat oø D;k gs\ 4- folrkj dh x.kuk dhft,a 22] 35] 32] 45] 42] 48] vifdj.k dks ekius ds fy, fdl xzkiqh; fof/ dk iz;ksx djrs gsa\ 6- vifdj.k dk D;k vfkz gs\ 7- ekè; fopyu xq.kkad dh x.kuk dsls dh tkrh gs\ 8- vifdj.k dk dksu&lk eki chp ds 50 izfr'kr ewy;ksa ls lacaf/r gs\ 9- ekè; fopyu dk dksbz,d izeq[k nks"k crkb;s\ 10- vifdj.k ds eki dh lkisf{kd eki D;k gs\ 11- leku forj.k dh js[kk ls vki D;k le>rs gsa\ 12- folrkj ds nks nks"k crkb;sa 13- vifdj.k dk lcls T;knk iz;qdr vksj lokszùke eki dksu&lk gs\ 14- prqfkzd fopyu Kkr djus dk lw=k fyf[k;s 15- folrkj ds nks iz;ksx crkb;sa y?kq mùkjh; iz'u (3&4 vad) 1- vifdj.k ds izeq[k eki D;k gsa\ 2- ekè; fopyu ds dksbz nks xq.k o nks nks"k crkb;sa 3- ekè; fopyu o izeki fopyu ds chp varj crkb;sa 4- vifdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gsa\ vifdj.k ds eki ds fofhkuu fof/;ksa dk o.kzu dhft,a 5- vifdj.k ds ekiksa ds :i esa folrkj] ekè;&fopyu,oe~ izeki fopyu ds lkisf{kd xq.kksa dk foospu dhft,a 44 Economics (Hindi) XI

45 6- fueufyf[kr vk dm+ksa ls folrkj,oe~ folrkj xq.kkad Kkr dhft,a vad& fo kffkz;ksa dh la[;k (folrkj ¾ 60 vad] folrkj xq.kkad ¾ 0-75) 7- fueufyf[kr vk dm+ksa ls prqfkzd fopyu o mldk xq.kkad Kkr dhft,a jksy ua vad (prqfkzd fopyu ¾ 12-5 vad) (prqfkzd fopyu xq.kkad ¾ 0-45) 8- fueufyf[kr vk dm+ksa ls eè;dk ls ekè; fopyu o xq.kkad Kkr dhft,a 100] 150] 80] 90] 160] 200] 140 (Mean Deviation from median = 34.28) (Coefficient of Mean Deviation = 0.74) 9- fueufyf[kr vk dm+ksa ls prqfkzd fopyu Kkr dhft,% X (ls de) % vko`fùk (prqfkzd fopyu xq.kkad ¾ 0-24) 10- fueufyf[kr vk dm+ksa ls izeki fopyu Kkr dhft,a lkbzt % vko`fùk % (izeki fopyu ¾ 1-149) 11- fueu Js.kh ls izeki fopyu Kkr dhft,a Js.kh % 0&10 10&20 20&30 30&40 40&50 50&60 60&70 vko`fùk % (izeki fopyu ¾ 15-81) 12- fueu lkfj.kh nks isqfdvª;ksa ds dfez;ksa dh nsfud etnwjh iznf'kzr djrh gsa nksuksa isqfdvª;ksa ds fy, ykwjsat oø cukb;s % nsfud vk; (#-) 0& & & & &500 isqdvªh (v) isqdvªh (c) Economics (Hindi) XI

46 13- nks daifu;ksa X vksj Y dh 'ks;j dhers uhps nh gqbz gsa] nksuksa esa ls dksu lh daiuh vf/d flfkj gs\ daiuh X : daiuh Y : (X daiuh ds 'ks;j ewy;ksa dk fopj.k xq.kkad ¾ 29-72» Y daiuh ds 'ks;j ewy;ksa dk fopj.k xq.kkad ¾ 45-94» vr% X daiuh ds 'ks;j ewy; T;knk flfkj gsa) 14- fueu vk dm+ksa ls fopj.k xq.kkad Kkr dhft,& en (X) % vko`fùk (F) % (ekè; ¾ 12-9 izeki fopyu ¾ fopj.k xq.kkad ¾ 15-5») 15- x.kuk ds vk/kj ij folrkj] prqfkzd fopj.k] ekè; fopyu vksj izeki fopyu ds chp rqyuk dhft,a 18- ekè; fopyu ls D;k le>rs gks\,d O;fDrxr Js.kh ds fy, ekè; fopyu Kkr djus ds fy, iz;qdr izeq[k lksikuksa dks crkb,a 17- in fopyu fof/ ls fueufyf[kr vk dm+ksa ls izeki fopyu Kkr dhft,a en (X) % 0&10 10&20 20&30 30&40 vko`fùk (F) % ( 9-165) 46 Economics (Hindi) XI

47 fucu/kred iz'u (5 vad) 1- folrkj ds xq.kksa] nks"kksa,oe~ mi;ksxksa dh O;k[;k dhft,a 2- ykwjsat oø D;k gs\ ykwjsat oø dh jpuk esa yxus okys izeq[k lksikuksa ds ckjs esa crkb;sa 3- ekè; fopyu ls D;k le>rs gsa\ ;g fdl rjg ls folrkj vksj prqfkzd folrkj ls,d csgrj eki gs\ 4- vifdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gsa\ vifdj.k dks ekius dh fofhkuu fof/;ksa dk myys[k dhft,a 5- fueufyf[kr vk dm+ksa ls folrkj o folrkj xq.kkad Kkr dhft,a vk;q o"kks± esa % 5&10 10&15 15&20 20&25 vko`fùk % (folrkj ¾ 20 folrkj xq.kkad 0-67) 6- fueufyf[kr Js.kh ls prqfkzd fopyu] vurj prqfkzd folrkj o prqfkzd fopyu xq.kkad Kkr dhft,a yeckbz (bap) esa % Nk=kksa dh la[;k % (prqfkzd fopyu ¾ 1] varj prqfkzd fopyu ¾ 2 prqfkzd fopyu xq.kkad ¾ eè;dk ls ekè; fopyu Kkr dhft, iqyksa dh izfr iks/ la[;k % iks/ksa dh la[;k % (ekè; ¾ 5] ekè; fopyu ¾ 1-68) 8-,d d{kk ijh{kk esa 100 Nk=kksa }kjk izkir vadksa ls eè;dk ls ekè; fopyu Kkr dhft,% vad % 60&63 63&66 66&69 69&72 72&75 fo kffkz;ksa dh la[;k % (ekè; fopyu ¾ 2-26) 9- fueufyf[kr vk dm+ksa ls v¼z&vurj prqfkzd folrkj o xq.kd Kkr dhft,a vad % 0&10 10&20 20&30 30&40 40&50 50&60 60&70 fo kffkz;ksa dh la[;k % (prqfkzd fopyu ¾ 11-55) (prqfkzd fopyu xq.kkad ¾ 0-337) 47 Economics (Hindi) XI

48 10- fueufyf[kr vk dm+ksa ls izeki fopyu Kkr dhft,% 5] 8] 7] 11] 14 (S.D = 3.16) 11- nks Jsf.k;ksa dk fopj.k xq.kkad Øe'k % 58» o 69» rfkk mudk izeki fopyu Øe'k% 21-2 vksj 15-6 gsa budk ekè; Kkr dhft,a (ekè; ( X ) = o 22.50) 12- fueu fn;s x;s nks dk;zdrkzvksa ds vk dm+ksa ls vf/d laxr dk;zdrkz dks Kkr dhft,a dk;z lekir djus esa yxk vkslr le; A B (feuv) izeki fopyu 8 6 (^B* dk;zdrkz t;knk laxr gs D;ksafd bldk fopj.k xq.kkad (14-29») ^A* dk;zdrkz ls (20») de gs) 48 Economics (Hindi) XI

49 ,d vad okys iz'uksa ds mùkj 1- vurj prqfkzd folrkj r`rh; prqfkzd,oe~ izfke prqfkzd dk varj gksrk gsa 2- fopj.k xq.kkad = 100 x 3- ykwjsat oø vifdj.k dks iznf'kzr djus okyh,d xzkiqh; fof/ gsa 4- folrkj ¾ lcls cm+k ewy; & lcls NksVk ewy; 48 & 22 ¾ vifdj.k dks ekius ds fy, ykwjsat oø fof/ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa 6- fdlh Js.kh esa dsunzh; ekè;ksa ls leadks ds folrkj ds eki dks vifdj.k dgrs gsaa 7- ekè; fopyu = f D N 8- varj prqfkzd folrkj 9- ekè; fopyu dk izeq[k nks"k bldk fpugksa dks R;kxuk gsa 10- vifdj.k ds lkis{k eki dks vuqikr ;k izfr'kr esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gsa 11- ykwjsat oø dh jpuk esa X&v{k ij iznf'kzr ^0* fcunq dks Y&v{k ij iznf'kzr ^100* ds fcunq ls feykdj,d lh/h js[kk izkir dh tkrh gs] ;g js[kk leku forj.k dh js[kk dgykrh gsa 12- folrkj ds nks"k% (i) ;g Js.kh ds lhkh ewy;ksa ij vk/kfjr ugha gsa (ii) ;g nks pje inksa ls dkiqh izhkkfor jgrk gsa 13- lokszùke vksj lcls vf/d iz;ksx esa vkus okyk vifdj.k dh eki izeki fopyu gsa 14- prqfkzd fopyu = Q 3 Q folrkj ds nks iz;ksx & (i) xq.koùkk fu;u=k.k (ii) fofhkuu njksa tsls O;kt] fofue;] 'ks;jksa esa ifjozru dh ekia 49 Economics (Hindi) XI

50 ;wfuv&3 vè;k;&7 lglaca/ lgleca/ Lej.kh; fcanq % lglaca/,d lkaf[;dh; midj.k gs tks nks pjksa ds eè; laca/ dk vè;;u djrk gsa mnkgj.kkfkz] ewy; esa ifjorzu ls olrq dh ekaxh x;h ek=kk esa ifjorzu gksuka lglaca/ pjksa ds chp laca/ksa dh xgurk,oa fn'kk dk vè;;u,oa ekiu djrk gsa lglaca/ lg&izlj.k dk ekiu djrk gs u fd dk;zdkj.k laca/ dka lglaca/ ds izdkj % lglaca/ dks vkerksj ij /ukred ;k ½.kkRed lglaca/ ds :i esa oxhzd`r fd;k tkrk gsa tc pjksa esa ifjorzu,d gh fn'kk dh vksj gksrk gs rks mls /ukred lglaca/ dgk tkrk gsa mnkgj.kkfkz] vkbløhe dh fcøh vksj rkieku] olrq dh dher vksj iwfrz esa /ukred lglaca/ gsa tc pjksa esa ifjorzu foijhr fn'kk dh vksj gksrk gs rks mls ½.kkRed lglaca/ dgk tkrk gsa mnkgj.kkfkz] dher vksj ekax dk laca/a /ukred lglaca/ ds mnkgj.k gs% d) olrq dh dher vksj iwfrz dh ek=kk [k) yackbz esa o`f¼ ls otu esa o`f¼ x) ifr o iruh dh vk;q?k) ifjokj dh vk; esa o`f¼ ls foykflrk dh olrqvksa ds mqij [kpz esa o`f¼ 50 Economics (Hindi) XI

51 ½.kkRed lglaca/ ds mnkgj.k gsa% d) rkieku esa o`f¼ ls xez dim+ksa dh fcøh esa deh [k) ewy; esa o`f¼ ls olrq dh ekax esa deh x) vr;f/d d`f"k mit ls dherksa esa deh?k) i<+kbz esa de le; yxkus ls vuqùkh.kz gksus dh vf/d lehkkouk lglaca/ ds ifjek.k ifjek.k /ukred ½.kkRed iw.kz $1 &1 mpp $0-75 vksj $1 ds chp &0-75 vksj &1 ds chp eè;e $0-25 vksj $0-75 ds chp &0-25 vksj &0-75 ds chp fueu 0 vksj $0-25 ds chp 0 vksj &0-25 ds chp 'kwu; 0 0 lglaca/ dks Kkr djus dh fof/;ka d) izdh.kz vkjs[k [k) dkyz fi;jlu dk lglaca/ xq.kkad x) Lih;jeSu dk dksfv lglaca/ izdh.kz vkjs[k lglaca/ dh ek=kk rfkk fn'kk dks xzkiq ij n'kkzrk gsa dkyz fi;jlu dk lglaca/ xq.kkad nks pjksa ds chp ds js[kh; laca/ksa dk la[;kred ekiu djrk gsa dkyz fi;jlu ds lglaca/ xq.kkad dks xq.ku vk?kw.kz lglaca/ Hkh dgrs gsaa xy N x y lw=k % r = tgka] r = lg laca/ xq.kkad x = (X X) y = (Y Y) x = x Js.kh dk ekud fopyu y = y Js.kh dk ekud fopyu N = voyksduksa dh la[;k 51 Economics (Hindi) XI

52 dkyz fi;jlu ds lglaca/ xq.kkad dh x.kuk fueufyf[kr fof/;ksa }kjk dh tkrh gs% d) oklrfod ekè; fof/% r = tgka] xy 2 2 x. y r = lglaca/ xq.kkad x = (X X) y = (Y Y) [k) dfyir ekè; fof/% r dx dx. dy ( dx) ( dy ) N ( dx) 2 ( dy ) N (;k) dy N tgka] r N. dx. dy ( dx) ( dy ) N. dx ( dx) N. dy ( dy ) r = dkyz fi;jlu dk lglaca/ xq.kkad dx = x & Js.kh ds enksa dk muds dfyir ekè; ls fopyu = (X&A) dy = y & Js.kh ds enksa dk muds dfyir ekè; ls fopyu dx.dy = dx vksj dy ds xq.kuiqyksa dk ;ksx dx 2 = dx ds oxks± dk ;ksx dy 2 = dy ds oxks± dk ;ksx dx = x & Js.kh ds fopyuksa dk ;ksx dy = y & Js.kh ds fopyuksa dk ;ksx N = voyksduksa dh la[;k 52 Economics (Hindi) XI

53 x) in fopyu fof/% tgka] 1 r dx dx' = c dy dy' = c 2 N. dx '. dy' ( dx ') ( dy ') N. dx ' ( dx ') N. dy' ( dy ) c 1 = x & Js.kh dk,d mhk;fu"b xq.ku[k.m c 2 = y & Js.kh dk,d mhk;fu"b xq.ku[k.m lglaca/ xq.kkad (r) ds xq.k (i) (ii) lglaca/ xq.kkad (r) dh dksbz bdkbz ugha gksrh gsa r dk ½.kkRed eku izfrykse laca/ n'kkzrk gsa vfkkzr~ (iii) ;fn r dk eku /ukred gs rks nksuksa pj,d gh fn'kk esa xfreku gksrs gsaa (iv) r dk eku &1 vksj $1 ds chp flfkr gksrk gsa vfkkzr~ &1< r <1 (v) (vi) ;fn r = 0, rks nks pj vlglacaf/r gksrs gsaa ;fn r = +1, ;k r = &1 rks lglaca/ iw.kz gksrk gsa (vii) r dk mpp eku lqn`<+ js[kh; laca/ n'kkzrk gs rfkk fueu eku nqczy js[kh; laca/ n'kkzrk gsa (viii) r dk mpp eku mn~xe ifjorzu ;k isekus ds ifjorzu ls izhkkfor ugha gksrk gsa ;fn nks pj X rfkk Y fn;s x;s gksa rks nks u;s pjksa dks bl izdkj ifjhkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gs% X A Y C U = ; V = B D ;gka] A vksj C Øe'k% X vksj Y ds dfyir eku gsa rfkk B vksj D lekiorzd gsaa vr% r xy = r UV Lih;jeSu dh dksfv lglaca/ fof/ dk iz;ksx xq.kkred pjksa tsls lq anjrk] ohjrk] cqf¼eùkk] ;ksx;rk vkfn ds lglaca/ xq.kkad Kkr djus esa fd;k tkrk gsa 53 Economics (Hindi) XI

54 lw=k % tgka] gs% 2 6 D r s = 1 3 N N r s = dksfv lglaca/ xq.kkad D = dksfv vurj N = voyksduksa dh la[;k tc dksfv;ksa (Ranks) dks nksgjk;k tkrk gs rks fueufyf[kr lw=k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk (m 3 m ) 2 (m 3 m ) 6 D r s = 1 N 3 N tgka] m 1, m 2,..., dksfv;ksa dh la[;k gs ftugs a nqgjk;k x;k gsa 54 Economics (Hindi) XI

55 ,d vad okys iz'u 1- lglaca/ ls vki D;k le>rs gsa\ vfr y?kq mùkj :ih iz'u 2- dqn,sls pjksa dh lwph nks ftudk ifj'kq¼ ekiu dfbu gksa 3- ½.kkRed lglaca/ D;k gs\ 4- /ukred lglaca/ dk vfkz crkb;sa 5- lk/kj.k lglaca/ xq.kkad dk ijkl crkb;s 6- ml izdkj ds lglaca/ dk uke crkb;s tc nks pjksa esa leku vuqikr es a ifjorzu gksrk gsa 7- /ukred lglaca/ ds nks mnkgj.k nhft,a 8- izdh.kz vkjs[k fof/ dk eq[; voxq.k crkb;s 9- ½.kkRed lglaca/ ds nks mnkgj.k nhft,a 10- dksfv lglaca/ xq.kkad fof/ dk iz;ksx dc fd;k tkrk gs\ 11- lglaca/ Kkr djus dh fofhkuu fof/;ksa ds uke nhft,a 12- Lih;jeSu ds dksfv lglaca/ fof/ dk eq[; voxq.k D;k gs\ 13- dkyz fi;jlu ds lglaca/ xq.kkad dk eq[; nks"k crkb;sa 14- ;fn r xy = 0 rc pj x vksj y ds chp laca/ (i) js[kh; laca/ gksxk (ii) js[kh; laca/ ugha gksxk (iii) Lora=k gksxk 15- dn (iqqvksa esa) rfkk otu (fd-xzk- esa) ds chp lglaca/ xq.kkad dh bdkbz gs% (i) fd-xzke@iqqv (ii) izfr'kr (iii) vfo eku 16- lglaca/ ekius dh dksu lh fof/ fdlh Hkh izdkj ds laca/ dh eki dj ldrh gsa 55 Economics (Hindi) XI

56 vad okys iz'u y?kq mùkj :ih iz'u 1- lglaca/ ls D;k vk'k; gs\ lglaca/ xq.kkad ds xq.k crkb;sa 2- r (lglaca/ xq.kkad) ds fofhkuu ekuksa +1, &1 rfkk 0 dh O;k[;k djsaa 3- X vksj Y ds eè; lglaca/ xq.kkad dh x.kuk djsa vksj muds laca/ ij fvii.kh djsaa X &3 &2 & Y (mùkj r = 0) 4- X vksj Y ds eè; lglaca/ xq.kkad dh x.kuk djsa vksj muds laca/ ij fvii.kh dhft,a X Y (mùkj r = 1) 5- fueufyf[kr vk dm+ksa ls izdh.kz vkjs[k cukb, vksj ifj.kke ij fvii.kh dhft,a X Y fueufyf[kr vk dm+ksa ls dkyz fi;jlu ds lglaca/ xq.kkad dh x.kuk dhft,% X Y (mùkj r = 0.98) 7- fueufyf[kr vk dm+ksa ls X vksj Y ds eè; xq.ku vk?kw.kz lglaca/ dh x.kuk dhft,a X Js.kh Y Js.kh d) enksa dh la[;k [k) lekurj ekè; x) lekurj ekè; ls fy, fopyuksa dk oxz ?k) X vksj Y Js.kh ds muds Øe'k% lekurj ekè; ls izkir fopyuksa ds xq.kuiqyksa dk ;ksx = 122 (mùkj r = 0.89) 8- X vksj Y Js.kh ds voyksdu ds tksm+ksa dh la[;k = 10 X Js.kh % lekurj ekè; = 65 izeki fopyu (S.D.) = Economics (Hindi) XI

57 Y Js.kh % lekurj ekè; = 66 izeki fopyu = 14-9 X rfkk Y Js.kh esa buds lekurj ekè; ls fy, fopyuksa ds xq.kuiqy dk ;ksx = X rfkk Y dk xq.ku vk?kw.kz lglaca/ Kkr dhft,a (mùkj r = ) 9- fueufyf[kr vk dm+ksa ls Lih;jeSu ds dksfv lglaca/ xq.kkad dh x.kuk dhft,% X Y (mùkj r = ) 10-,d lksan;z izfr;ksfxrk esa nks fu.kkz;dksa us 12 izfrhkkfx;ksa dks fueufyf[kr dksfv&øe iznku fd;s% X Y dksfv lglaca/ xq.kkad Kkr dhft,a 11- fueufyf[kr vk dm+ksa ls dksfv lglaca/ xq.kkad dk ifjdyu dhft,% (mùkj r = 0.45) X Y (mùkj r = ) 12- D;k lglaca/ ds }kjk dk;zdkj.k laca/ dh tkudkjh feyrh gs\ 13- D;k 'kwu; lglaca/ dk vfkz Lora=krk gs\ 14- dkyz fi;jlu lg laca/ xq.kkad ls dksfv lglaca/ xq.kkad D;ksa fhkuu gksrk gs\ 15- ljy lglaca/ xq.kkad dh rqyuk esa dksfv lglaca/ xq.kkad dc vf/d ifj'kq¼ gksrk gs\ 57 Economics (Hindi) XI

58 nh?kz mùkj :ih iz'u 6 vad okys iz'u 1- lglaca/ xq.kkad Kkr djus dh dkyz fi;jlu fof/ dh O;k[;k dhft,a blds xq.kksa rfkk lhekvksa dk o.kzu dhft,a 2-,d lksan;z izfr;ksfxrk esa rhu fu.kkz;dksa us 10 izfr;ksfx;ksa dks fueufyf[kr dksfv Øe iznku fd,% fu.kkz;d I fu.kkz;d II fu.kkz;d III Lih;jeSu ds dksfv lglaca/ xq.kkad }kjk ;g Kkr dhft, fd fu.kkz;dksa ds fdl ;qxe (Pairs of Judges) dh lksan;z ds izfr lkeku; #fp gs\ (mùkj% r s I & II = 0.21; r s II & III = 0.29; r s I & III = +0.64) vr% I vksj III ds fu.kkz;dksa esa lgefr gsa) 3- dkyz fi;jlu ds lglaca/ xq.kkad dh rqyuk esa Lih;jeSu ds dksfv lglaca/ xq.kkad ds D;k ykhk gsa\ Lih;jeSu ds dksfv lg&laca/ xq.kkad dh x.ku fof/ dh O;k[;k dhft,a 4-,d d{kk ds 10 fo kffkz;ksa dh yackbz rfkk otu bl izdkj gsa,d izdh.kz vkjs[k cukb, rfkk ;g crkb;s fd laca/ /ukred gs ;k ½.kkRedA yackbz (bapksa esa) otu (fd-xzk- es) fo kffkz;ksa }kjk xf.kr rfkk lkaf[;dh esa izkirkadksa dk lglaca/ xq.kkad Kkr dhft, rfkk fuozpu Hkh dhft,a vad (xf.kr esa) vad (lkaf[;dh esa) (mùkj % r = +0.78) 58 Economics (Hindi) XI

59 ,d vad okys iz'u 1- lglaca/,d lkaf[;dh; midj.k gs tks nks pjksa ds eè; laca/ dk vè;;u djrk gsa 2- lqunjrk] ohjrk] cqf¼eùkk] ;ksx;rk vkfna 3- tc pjksa esa ifjorzu foijhr fn'kk dh vksj gksrk gs rks mls ½.kkRed lglaca/ dgrs gsaa 4- tc pjksa esa ifjorzu,d gh fn'kk dh vksj gksrk gs rks mls /ukred lglaca/ dgrs gsaa 5- &1 < r < 1 6- iw.kz lglaca/ 7- d) olrq dh dher vksj iwfrz dh ek=kk [k) yackbz esa o`f¼ vksj otu esa o`f¼ 8- izdh.kz vkjs[k lglaca/ dk fuf'pr la[;kred eku izlrqr ugha djrk gsa 9- d) rkieku esa o`f¼ ls xez dim+ksa dh fcøh esa deha [k) vf/d d`f"k mit ls dherksa esa deh 10- tc pj xq.kkred izd`fr ds gksa tsls& lqunjrk] bzekunkjh vkfna 11- d) izdh.kz vkjs[k fof/ [k) dkyz fi;jlu dk lglaca/ xq.kkad x) Lih;jeSu dk dksfv lglaca/ 12- bl fof/ dk iz;ksx lkewfgd vko`fùk forj.k esa lglaca/ Kkr djus ds fy, ugha fd;k tk ldrk gsa 13- lglaca/ xq.kkad dk ewy; lhekur enksa ls izhkkfor gksrk gsa 14- Lora=k gksxka 15- vfo eku 16- dkyz fi;jlu dk lglaca/ xq.kkad 59 Economics (Hindi) XI

60 ;wfuv&3 vè;k;&8 lwpdkad Lej.kh; fcanq % lwpdkad,d lewg ls lacaf/r pj ewy;ksa ds vkdkj esa gksus okys ifjorzuksa dh eki djus dh,d lkaf[;dh; fof/ gs lwpdkadksa dh fo'ks"krk,a % d) lwpdkadksa dks izfr'kr esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gs rfkkfi izfr'kr fpug (») dk iz;ksx dhkh ugha fd;k tkrk gsa [k) lwpdkad vk dm+ksa ds lewg ds lkis{k eki gksrs gsaa x) lwpdkad lacaf/r pjksa esa ifjorzu dk la[;kred eki izlrqr djrs gsaa?k) lwpdkad }kjk ifjorzuksa dks vkslrksa ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gsa lwpdkadksa ds izdkj % d) Fkksd ewy; lwpdkad (WPI) [k) mihkksdrk ewy; lwpdkad (CPI) ;k thou fuokzg ykxr lwpdkad x) vks ksfxd mriknu lwpdkad (IIP)?k) d`f"k mriknu lwpdkad (IAP) 60 Economics (Hindi) XI

61 Ä) ls alsdl lwpdkad fuekz.k dh fof/;ka lk/kj.k lwpdkad dh jpuk Hkkfjr lwpdkad dh jpuk ljy lewghdj.k fof/ ljy vkslr ewy; vuqikr fof/ Hkkfjr vkslr ewy; vuqikr fof/ ljy lewghdj.k fof/ % Hkkfjr lewghdj.k fof/ P 1 lw=k % P 01 = 100 ;gka] P 0 P 01 = orzeku o"kz dk ewy; lwpdkad P 1 = orzeku o"kz dh fofhkuu olrqvksa ds ewy;ksa dk ;ksx P 0 = vk/kj o"kz dh olrqvksa ds ewy;ksa dk ;ksx vk/kj o"kz % og o"kz ftlls rqyuk djds orzeku (;k pkyw) o"kz esa ifjorzu dks ekik tkrk gsa pkyw (;k orzeku) o"kz % og o"kz gs ftlesa gksus okys vkslr iforzu dks ekik tkuk gs ;k ftlds fy, lwpdkad rs;kj fd;k tkuk gsa ljy vkslr ewy; vuqikr fof/ % P = ;gka] P 01 = pkyw o"kz dk ewy; lwpdkad 01 P 1 P 0 N 100 P 1 P = ewy;ksa dk vuqikr 0 61 Economics (Hindi) XI